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Academics - Anabolic Steroids UK (ASUK)
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UK Academics

Academic interest in anabolic androgenic steroids and associated drugs spans many academic disciplines including health sciences, sports sciences, sociology and criminology. Relevant literature can be found in academic paper across all these disciplines and can act as a barrier to collating the evidence and gaining a full understanding of these complex issues. Here ASUK brings together a network of academics who are active in this area, to promote collaboration and to showcase the breadth and depth of research in the UK. Bringing together academics, practitioners and the anabolic androgenic steroid user communities can help generate genuine research impact. If you are an academic in the UK and not already represented on this website please contact either Jim McVeigh or Michael Linnell.

Julio Amaral

King’s College London

Julio Amaral

Julio Amaral, MD is a PhD student at King’s College London, where he is currently researching harm reduction strategies adopted by people using anabolic steroids in the UK. During his Master’s at UFRJ (Brazil), he worked with Rio de Janeiro’s Bodybuilding Federation and the Brazilian Laboratory of Doping Control to investigate the psychiatric effects of anabolic steroids and measurements of urinary androgens. His research interests include psychiatry and addiction science, ethics of human enhancement and harm-reduction strategies.

Relevant Publications

Amaral JMX, Cruz MS. Use of androgenic anabolic steroids by patients under treatment for substance use disorder: case series. J Bras Psiquiatr 2017; 66(2): 120-3. doi: 10.1590/0047-2085000000160.

Amaral JMX, Padilha MC, Chagas SV, et al. Effective treatment and prevention of attempted suicide, anxiety, and aggressiveness with fluoxetine, despite proven use of androgenic anabolic steroids. Drug testing and analysis 2021;13(1):197-202. doi: 10.1002/dta.2912.

Georgios A. Antonopoulos

G.Antonopoulos@tees.ac.uk

Georgios Antonopoulos

Georgios A. Antonopoulos is Professor of Criminology at Teesside University (UK). He has taught at the University of Durham. Previously he was visiting fellow at Sheffield University and at Free University of Amsterdam. He has worked in local government and has led and managed projects funded by the European Commission, the Economic and Social Research Council, and the British Ministry of Justice. He is on the board of the Cross-Border Crime Colloquium, series editor of the Routledge Studies in Organised Crime, and editor-in-chief of the journal Trends in Organised Crime. From 2010 to 2014 he was Chair of the NE branch of the British Society of Criminology, and in 2014-2015 he served as executive director of the International Association for the Study of Organised Crime (IASOC). He has acted as expert or consultant to the strategic analysis sector, to RAND Europe, HMRC, British Police, Cabinet Office, the UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, the US Department of Commerce, and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). He is a trustee of Recovery Connections, a charity to support those affected by substance abuse. Since 2019 he has been a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences.

Relevant Publications

Book

Hall, A. & Antonopoulos, G.A. (2016) Fake Meds Online: The Internet and the Transnational Market in Illicit Pharmaceuticals. London: Palgrave Macmillan

 Articles

Antonopoulos, G.A. & Hall. A. (2016) ‘Gain With No Pain’: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids Trafficking in the UK’, European Journal of Criminology, 13(6), 696-713

Hall, A., Koenraadt, R.M. & Antonopoulos, G.A. (2017) ‘Illicit Pharmaceutical Networks in Europe: Organising the Illicit Medicine Market in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands’, Trends in Organised Crime, 20(3/4), 296-315

Kotzé, J. & Antonopoulos, G.A. (2019) ‘Boosting ‘Bodily Capital’: Maintaining Masculinity, Aesthetic Pleasure and Instrumental Utility Through the Consumption of Steroids’, Journal of Consumer Culture, DOI: 10.1177/1469540519846196

Chapters in edited collections

Hall, A. & Antonopoulos, G.A. (2015) ‘License to Pill: Illegal Entrepreneurs’ Tactics in the Online Trade of Medicines’. In van Duyne, P.C., Maljevic, A., Antonopoulos, G.A., Harvey, J. & von Lampe, K. (eds) The Relativity of Wrongdoing: Corruption, Organised Crime, Fraud and Money Laundering in Perspective. (pp.229-252) Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers

Hall, A. and Antonopoulos, G.A. (2019) ‘The (Online) Supply of Illicit Lifestyle Medicines: A Criminological Study’. In Van de Ven, K., Mulrooney, K.J.D. & McVeigh, J. (eds) Human Enhancement Drugs. (pp.173-187) London: Routledge

Hall, A. and Antonopoulos, G.A. (forthcoming) ‘Illicit pharmaceutical supply: moving beyond common assumptions about drugs and drug dealing’. In Ancrum, C. & Ayres, T. (eds) Understanding Drug Dealing and Illicit Drug Markets: National and International Perspectives. London: Routledge

Susan Backhouse

Leeds Beckett University
S.Backhouse@leedsbeckett.ac.uk

Susan Backhouse

Sue Backhouse is Professor and Director of Research for Sport and Exercise Science, Leisure and Tourism at Leeds Beckett University, UK. Sue leads the Protecting Sporting Integrity and Welfare (PROSPER) research team in the Carnegie School of Sport at Leeds Beckett University. With a focus on implementation, Sue and the PROSPER team strive to bridge the gap between research, policy and practice to bring about change in the sporting system through the development of strong partnerships and evidence-informed interventions. In order to pursue this research agenda, Sue has received funding from the European Commission, World Anti-Doping Agency and International Olympic Committee. Examples of recently funded projects include two cross-cultural interventions to prevent doping in sport (RE>ACT and CoachMADE) and three Erasmus+ funded collaborative projects (FAIR, RESPECT and RESPECT-P). Sue serves as a member of the WADA Social Science Research Panel, Convenes the British Association of Sport and Exercise Science Clean Sport Interest Group, provides expert guidance to the English Institute of Sport via its Technical Steering Panel and is co-founder of the Clean Sport Alliance.

Professor Julien S Baker

Ph.D., D.Sc, FPhysiol, FRSB, FHBA, FITEI, FICR, C.Biol, C.Sci.
jsbaker@hkbu.edu.hk

Julien Baker

Professor Julien Steven Baker PhD, DSc is Head of the Sport, Physical Education and Health Department at Hong Kong Baptist University. He is also the Director of the Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research. Professor Baker has published over 430 articles in peer reviewed journals. He is a Fellow of the Physiological Society, a member of the American Physiological Society, and the Society for the Study of Biology (SSOB). In addition, he has membership of the British Pharmacological Society, and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). Professor Baker is an Honorary Professor at the University of Ningbo and has Visiting Professor status at the University of Sydney and Ningbo University Ninth Hospital Medical Research Centre.

Prof Baker’s research has attracted considerable interest from the public and media with several articles published in the Times, Scottish Herald, The Scotsman, Daily Telegraph, The Independent, The Australian, The Guardian, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, South Wales Echo, Scottish Evening News and Western Mail. Prof Baker had also been interviewed by BBC Radio 4, Radio 2, Radio Wales, Dragon Radio, Bristol Radio and Scottish News.

Relevant Publications

Steroid full publications

  1. Amaral JMX, Padilha MC, Chagas SV, Baker JS, Mullen C, Vieira Neto L, Aquino Neto FR, Cruz MS. (2020) Effective treatment and prevention of attempted suicide, anxiety and aggressiveness with fluoxetine, despite proven use of androgenic anabolic steroids. Drug Test Anal. 2020 Aug 17. doi: 10.1002/dta.2912. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32808487
  2. Mullen C, Whalley BJ, Schifano F, Baker JS (2020) Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse in the United Kingdom: An update. Br J Pharmacol. 2020 May;177(10):2180-2198. doi: 10.1111/bph.14995. Epub 2020 Mar 3. PMID: 31989581; PMCID: PMC7174889.
  3. Slimani M, Taylor L, Baker JS, Elleuch A, Ayedi FM, Chamari K, CHéOUR F. Effects of mental training on muscular force, hormonal and physiological changes  in kickboxers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016 Jul 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 27377252.
  4. Graham MR, Baker JS, Davies B. Causes and consequences of obesity: epigenetics or hypokinesis? Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. (2015) Sep 16;8:455-60. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S82629. eCollection 2015. PubMed PMID: 26396538; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4577274.
  5. Hayes LD, Sculthorpe N, Herbert P, Baker JS, Hullin DA, Kilduff LP, Reed D, Spagna R, Grace FM. Salivary testosterone measurement does not identify biochemical hypogonadism in aging men: a ROC analysis. Endocrine. 2015 Sep;50(1):256-9. doi: 10.1007/s12020-014-0516-3. Epub 2014 Dec 27. PubMed PMID: 25542187.
  6. Hayes LD, Sculthorpe N, Herbert P, Baker JS, Spagna R, Grace FM. Six weeks of conditioning exercise increases total, but not free testosterone in lifelong sedentary aging men. Aging Male. 2015;18(3):195-200. doi: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1046123. Epub 2015 Jun 1. PubMed PMID: 26030347.
  7. Hayes LD, Sculthorpe N, Herbert P, Baker JS, Hullin DA, Kilduff LP, Grace FM. Poor levels of agreement between serum and saliva testosterone measurement following exercise training in aging men. Aging Male. 2015 Jun;18(2):67-70. doi:  10.3109/13685538.2015.1018158. Epub 2015 Mar 9. PubMed PMID: 25746208.
  8. Hayes LD, Grace FM, Baker JS, Sculthorpe N. Exercise-induced responses in salivary testosterone, cortisol, and their ratios in men: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2015 May;45(5):713-26. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0306-y. Review. PubMed PMID: 25655373.
  9. Hayes LD, Sculthorpe N, Herbert P, Baker JS, Hullin DA, Kilduff LP, Grace FM. Resting steroid hormone concentrations in lifetime exercisers and lifetime sedentary males. Aging Male. 2015 Mar;18(1):22-6. doi: 10.3109/13685538.2014.977246. Epub 2014 Oct 29. PubMed PMID: 25353611.
  10. Hayes LD, Sculthorpe N, Young JD, Baker JS, Grace FM. Critical difference applied to exercise-induced salivary testosterone and cortisol using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): distinguishing biological from statistical change. J Physiol Biochem. 2014 Dec;70(4):991-6. doi: 10.1007/s13105-014-0368-6. Epub 2014 Nov 13. PubMed PMID: 25392260.
  11. Hayes LD, Grace FM, Sculthorpe N, Herbert P, Ratcliffe JW, Kilduff LP, Baker JS. The effects of a formal exercise training programme on salivary hormone concentrations and body composition in previously sedentary aging men. Springerplus. 2013 Dec;2(1):18. doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-18. Epub 2013 Jan 22. PubMed PMID: 23396630; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3566381.
  12. Gething AD, Grace FM, Davies B, Baker JS. Effects of long-term anabolic androgenic steroid administration on respiratory function. Res Sports Med. 2011 Oct;19(4):231-44. doi:  10.1080/15438627.2011.608034. PubMed PMID: 21988266.
  13. Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Jasper MA, Davies B, Graham MR, Bulloch JM, Baker JS. Concentrations of salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A after supra-maximal exercise in female adolescents. J Sports Sci. 2010 Oct;28(12):1361-8. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.510144. PubMed PMID: 20853205.
  14. Hayes LD, Bickerstaff GF, Baker JS. Interactions of cortisol, testosterone, and resistance training: influence of circadian rhythms. Chronobiol Int. 2010 Jun;27(4):675-705. doi:  10.3109/07420521003778773. Review. PubMed PMID: 20560706.
  15. Graham MR, Evans P, Thomas NE, Davies B, Baker JS. Changes in endothelial dysfunction and associated cardiovascular disease morbidity markers in GH-IGF axis pathology. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2009;9(6):371-81. doi: 10.2165/11312100-000000000-00000. Review. PubMed PMID: 19929035.
  16. Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Hullin D, Thomas NE, Davies B. Potential benefits of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to athletes. Growth Horm IGF  Res. 2009 Aug;19(4):300-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2009.04.008. Epub 2009 Jun 17. PubMed PMID: 19539505.
  17. Graham MR, Ryan P, Baker JS, Davies B, Thomas NE, Cooper SM, Evans P, Easmon  S, Walker CJ, Cowan D, Kicman AT. Counterfeiting in performance- and image-enhancing drugs. Drug Test Anal. 2009 Mar;1(3):135-42. doi: 10.1002/dta.30.  PubMed PMID: 20355187.
  18. Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Kicman A, Cowan D, Hullin D, Thomas N, Davies B. Physical effects of short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration in abstinent steroid dependency. Horm Res. 2008;69(6):343-54. doi: 10.1159/000117390. Epub 2008 Mar 17. Erratum in: Horm Res. 2008;70(2):128. PubMed  PMID: 18504393.
  19. Graham MR, Davies B, Grace FM, Kicman A, Baker JS. Anabolic steroid use: patterns of use and detection of doping. Sports Med. 2008;38(6):505-25. Review.  PubMed PMID: 18489196.
  20. Graham MR, Evans P, Davies B, Baker JS. AAS, growth hormone, and insulin abuse: psychological and neuroendocrine effects. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Jun;4(3):587-97. PubMed PMID: 18827854; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2500251.
  21. Graham MR, Evans P, Davies B, Baker JS. Arterial pulse wave velocity, inflammatory markers, pathological GH and IGF states, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1361-71. Review. PubMed PMID: 19337549; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2663454.
  22. Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Kicman A, Cowan D, Hullin D, Davies B. Short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration improves respiratory function in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2007 Aug;17(4):328-35. Epub 2007 May 23. PubMed PMID: 17512232.
  23. Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Kicman A, Cowan D, Hullin D, Davies B. Evidence for a decrease in cardiovascular risk factors following recombinant growth hormone administration in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2007 Jun;17(3):201-9. Epub 2007 Feb 26. PubMed PMID: 17324600.
  24. Graham MR, Davies B, Kicman A, Cowan D, Hullin D, Baker JS. Recombinant human  growth hormone in abstinent androgenic-anabolic steroid use: psychological, endocrine and trophic factor effects. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2007 Feb;4(1):9-18. PubMed PMID: 17311540.
  25. Baker JS, Graham MR, Davies B. Steroid and prescription medicine abuse in the  health and fitness community: A regional study. Eur J Intern Med. 2006 Nov;17(7):479-84. PubMed PMID: 17098591.
  26. Baker JS, Graham M, Davies B. Gym users and abuse of prescription drugs. J R Soc Med. 2006 Jul;99(7):331-2. PubMed PMID: 16816251; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1484557.
  27. Graham MR, Grace FM, Boobier W, Hullin D, Kicman A, Cowan D, Davies B, Baker JS. Homocysteine induced cardiovascular events: a consequence of long term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse. Br J Sports Med. 2006 Jul;40(7):644-8. Epub 2006 Feb 17. PubMed PMID: 16488899; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2564318.

Book Chapters

  1. Graham, M.R Davies B and *Baker JS (2008) Physiological effects and disease manifestations of Performance enhancing Anabolic steroids, growth hormone and insulin. In “Neurovascular Medicine: Promoting Healthy Aging and Cellular Longevity.” Chapter (Seven), pages 174-213. published by Oxford University Press, Edited by Kenneth Maiese, M.D. Professor and Director Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Cell Biology, Centers for Molecular Medicine, and Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8C-1 UHC 4201 St. Antoine Detroit, MI 48201 ISBN 978-0-19-532669-7
  2. Graham, MR, *Baker JS, Evans, P, Davies, B. (2009). Potential Benefits of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to Athletes. Growth Hormone & IGF Research 19, (4), 300-307 The Abuse of Growth Hormone in Sport and its Detection: A Medical, Legal and Social Framework. Invited submission
  3. Baker JS, A Leyshon, MG Hughes, B Davies, M Graham, NE Thomas (2011) The effect of anaerobic intermittent exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15- 16 years. Pediatric Exercise Science (Invited) Children and Exercise XXV, Physical Activity and Exercise for Disabled and Healthy Children. Routledge: Taylor and Francis, London and New York: Edited by Georges Baquet and Serge Berthoin: Chapter 18, pp 101-107
  4. Grace F, Sculthorpe N, Baker JS, Kilgore L. (2012) Effects of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use on cardiac structure and function. in: Grace F and Baker JS (Ed.) Perspectives on anabolic steroids and doping in sport and health. Nova Scientific Publications, 400 Oser Avenue, Hauppauge, New York Chapter 4 pp 79-103: ISBN 978-1-62081-243-3
  5. Graham MR, Baker JS, Davies B. (2016). Book chapter invitation: “Chemically modified bodies: the use of diverse substances for appearance enhancement”, Peptide Hormones, Metformin and new-wave practices and research therapies. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers, In Press. 978-1-137-53534-4
  6. Baker JS, Davies B, Graham MR. (2016). Book chapter invitation: “Chemically modified bodies: the use of diverse substances for appearance enhancement”, Commonly prescribed oral anti-obesity medication and alternative anorectics. Palgrave Macmillan Publishers, In Press. 978-1-137-53534-4

Edited Books

Grace F, & Baker JS (Ed.) (2012) Perspectives on anabolic steroids and doping in sport and health. Nova Scientific Publications, 400 Oser Avenue, Hauppauge, New York  ISBN 978-1-62081-243-3

Steroid Related Conference Presentations

  1. *Baker JS (1991) “Drugs, adverse effects on sports people”. Drugs in sports conference. Paper presented to the Mid Glamorgan health authority drugs advisory committee. Hensol Castle, Pontyclun. In conjunction with Mid -Glamorgan Health Authority. Published in conference proceedings. P32.
  2. *Baker JS (1991) “The steroid problem”. Drugs in sports conference. Paper presented to the Mid – Glamorgan health authority drugs advisory committee. Hensol Castle, Pontyclun. In conjunction with Mid -Glamorgan Health Authority. Published in conference proceedings. P33.
  3. *Baker JS (1991) “Steroids: Routes of Administration” Drugs in sports conference. Paper presented to the Mid -Glamorgan health authority drugs advisory committee. Hensol Castle, Pontyclun. In conjunction with Mid -Glamorgan Health Authority. Published in conference proceedings. P34.
  4. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2001) Non-invasive cardiovascular parameters in males using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Journal of Sports Science. 19. 1. pp 47-48.
  5. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2001) Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Communications to the Annual Conference of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences. University of Wales, Newport, 4-7th September. pp 49-50. Published in The Journal of Sports Sciences (2002) Vol 20, 1. pp 49-50.
  6. Grace FM, Sculthorpe N. Gething AD, Graham MT, *Baker JS and Davies B (2001) Increased incidence of late ventricular potentials in extreme long term androgenic anabolic steroid users. Drugs and Ergogenic aids. Proceedings of the International Sports Medicine Conference. Trinity College, University of Dublin. Edited by B. Donne and N.J. Mahony, 26 -29 Sep. pp 85-86.
  7. Grace FM, Sculthorpe N. Gething AD, Graham MT, *Baker JS and Davies B (2001) Lipoprotein (a) concentrations in long term anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) users. Drugs and Ergogenic aids. Proceedings of the International Sports Medicine Conference. Trinity College, University of Dublin. Edited by B. Donne and N.J. Mahony, 26-29 Sep. pp 87-88.
  8. Grace FM, *Baker JS and Davies B (2001) Cardiovascular effects of long term anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) users. Proceedings of Doctoral seminar, University of Glamorgan. 7th Dec. Published in conference proceedings abstracts pp 25.
  9. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2002) Cardiovascular effects in males using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Scientific presentation at the House of Commons London. March 18th. Published in conference proceedings 2002
  10. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2002) The Effects of Long Term Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) use on Blood Lipids and Apolipoproteins. Scientific presentation at the 12th Commonwealth International Sport Conference. 19th – 23rd July, Manchester, U.K. Published in Conference abstract book. PP 185.
  11. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2002) Cardiovascular effects on Blood Lipids and Apolipoproteins in males using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine, St Louis, USA. May 28th -June 1st, 2002. Published in Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, Volume 34, 5.S255 pp 1425.
  12. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2002) Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) The most powerful HDL depressors to date. Paper presented at the Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Athens, Greece 24th – 28th July. Published in Journal of Sport Sciences.
  13. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2002) Cardiovascular effects on Blood Lipids in males using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) Presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Windermere, Cumbria. October 10th-13th 2002. Published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. Volume 36, 021 pp 388-389.
  14. Grace FM, Sculthorpe N, *Baker JS et al. (2003). A potential role for the sex hormones in the determination of plasma Homocysteine (HCY) concentrations. Published in Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Volume 35, Number 5, pp S267
  15. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2003) The Effects of Long Term Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) use on Blood Lipids and Apolipoproteins. Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol 21, Number 4. pp 323-324.
  16. Grace, F, *Baker JS and Davies, B (2003) Altered myocardial electrophysiology after prolonged illicit anabolic androgenic steroid use. Paper presented to the British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine. Sheffield, 3rd-6th September, published in conference proceedings and British Journal of Sports Medicine 2003; Volume37; Issue 5 pp 466-467.
  17. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2003) Pathological Blood Lipid and Apolipoprotein Alterations Following Long Term Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Use. Paper presented at the 9th European nutrition conference Rome Italy October 1st-4th, published in Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (2003) Volume 47, PS.Q 24 pp 615.
  18. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2003) Evidence of Hyperhomocystemia Following Long Term Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Use. Paper presented at the 9thEuropean nutrition conference Rome Italy October 1st-4th. Published in Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism (2003) Volume 47, PS. Q 8 pp 609.
  19. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2004) Increased incidence of Late ventricular potentials (LVP) as measured by signal averaged electrocardiography (SAECG) following long term anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use. Paper presented to the Physiological Society, Cambridge University, Department of Physiology 17th-19th December, published in The Journal of Physiology.
  20. Grace, F. *Baker JS and Davies, B. (2004) Elevated Levels of C-Reactive Protein in Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Users. Presented at the American College of Sports Medicine Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, June 2nd – 5th. Published in Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, Volume 36, 5, pp S170.
  21. Grace F, *Baker JS, and Davies, B. (2004) Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) use and concentrations of C-reactive protein. Paper accepted for presentation at the 9th annual congress of the European College of sports science, Clemont-Ferrand, France 3-6th July, published in conference proceedings. P64006, PP 357 – 358.
  22. Fergal Grace, Nickolas Sculthorpe, Alex Gething, *Baker JS, Mike Graham, Stephanie Matthews, Mike Edwards, David Hullin and Bruce Davies (2004) The effects of long term anabolic androgenic (AAS) steroid use on blood lipids and apolipoproteins. Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Mid-Glamorgan, Wales. Paper presented at the Exercise science and sports medicine symposium Cardiff University. In collaboration with the Medical school, University of Wales College of Medicine, Main College Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Thursday 22nd July. Published in conference proceedings, 30, pp 7.
  23. Fergal Grace Nickolas Sculthorpe, Baker JS, Mike Graham, Stephanie Matthews, Mike Edwards, David Hullin and Bruce Davies (2004) Evidence of hyperhomocysteinemia following long term anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use. Department of Health & Exercise Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Mid-Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom. Paper presented at the Exercise science and sports medicine symposium Cardiff University. In collaboration with the Medical school, University of Wales College of Medicine, Main College Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Thursday 22nd July. Published in conference proceedings 31, pp 7.
  24. Michael R. Graham1, *Baker JS1, Andrew Kicman2, David Cowan2, David Hullin3and Bruce Davies1 (2005) Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (rhGH) -Effects on Anthropometric and Psychological profiles. Paper presented at the Physiological Society, University College London, Focused Meeting: The Neuroscience of Human Movement in Health and Disease, 19th– 20th December. Published in conference proceedings and Journal of Physiology. Proc Physiol Soc 1 (2006) PC31
  25. Michael R. Graham1, *Baker JS1, David Hullin3, Andrew Kicman2, David Cowan2 and Bruce Davies1. (2006) Recombinant Human Growth Hormone – Effects on Arterial Pulse Wave Velocity, Homocysteine and high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in weight training individuals 1Department of Exercise and Health Science, School of Applied Science, University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd, Wales, UNITED KINGDOM; 2Drug Control Centre, Kings College London, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Cardiff, UNITED KINGDOM. Paper presented at the Physiological Society, University College London, UK Date: 5-7 July 2006.
  26. Michael R. Graham1, Andrew Kicman2, David Cowan2, David Hullin3 Bruce Davies and *Baker JS (2006) Recombinant human growth hormone in withdrawing androgenic-anabolic steroid use: Psychological, endocrine, and trophic factor effects Presented to the Physiological Society, University of Bristol 4-5th December. Published in Physiological Society Proceedings 7P PC3
  27. Michael R. Graham1, *Baker JS1, David Hullin3, Andrew Kicman2, David Cowan2 and Bruce Davies1 (2007) Short-term Growth Hormone administration improves Respiratory Function in an unusual catabolic condition. Focused Meeting of the Physiological Society; Perinatal physiology: from uterus to brain University of Edinburgh 11-14 February. Published in the proceedings of the Physiological Society PC17
  28. Michael R. Graham1, Andrew Kicman2, David Cowan2, David Hullin3 Bruce Davies *Baker JS, (2007) Evidence for a decrease in cardiovascular risk factors following recombinant growth hormone administration in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Paper presented at Royal Glamorgan Hospital Medical School, Growth Hormone Research Seminar, Post Graduate Research centre 13th June
  29. Baker JS Graham M and Davies B (2007) Steroid and prescription medicine abuse in recreational gym users: Lessons to be learned from a regional study in South Wales. Paper presented at Performance and Image Enhancing Drugs in the 21st Century Conference. The Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, 5th October. Paper published in conference proceedings.
  30. Graham M Davies B Baker JS (2008) Needle Exchange in Wales: Raising the profile and identifying new initiatives. Keynote presentation IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE Welsh Assembly Government. The Assembly Rooms, City Hall, Cardiff. Thursday 20th March
  31. Graham M Davies B Baker JS (2008) Short-term Growth Hormone administration improves Respiratory Function in an unusual catabolic condition. Paper presented at the Welsh Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences Conference, University of Wales, Swansea, July 4th. Published in conference proceedings.
  32. Graham M Davies B Baker JS (2008) Recombinant human growth hormone in withdrawing androgenic-anabolic steroid use: psychological, endocrine and trophic factor effects. Paper presented at the Welsh Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences Conference, University of Wales, Swansea, July 4th. Published in conference proceedings.
  33. Graham M Davies B Baker JS (2008) Recombinant human growth hormone – effects on arterial pulse wave velocity, homocysteine and high sensitivity C-reactive protein in weight training individuals. Paper presented at the Welsh Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences Conference, University of Wales, Swansea, July 4th. Published in conference proceedings.
  34. Graham M Davies B Baker JS (2008) Performance and Image enhancing Drugs in Sport. Carthusian Suite, Chamber of Shipping, London. London Toxicology Group Meeting. Published in Conference Proceedings.
  35. Lisa Wakeman,1 Saad Al-Ismail*1, Rhys Williams3 Baker JS4, Bruce Davies4 Roger Munro1 Non Thomas,2 (2008) Fibrinogen Reference Range in Adolescents1Haematology Department, Singleton Hospital, ABM University NHS Trust, Swansea, UK; 2Cardiff School of Sport, University Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK. 3School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK. 4Faculty of Health, Sport and Science, University of Glamorgan, UK. Paper presented at 50th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the American Society of Hematology conference December 6-9, 2008 San Francisco, CA. Published in ‘Blood’ 112:4063
  36. Graham M Davies B Baker JS (2009) “Short-term Insulin administration in Sport adversely affects Lipid Profile and Packed Cell Volume despite increasing Body Mass Index” Paper presented to the Physiological Society King’s College London. Proceedings of Physiological Society, King’s College London (2009) Proc Physiol Soc 14, C12
  37. Graham, MR, Ryan, P, Evans, PJ, Davies, B, Baker, JS. (2009). Nandrolone: A Doping Agent! Ophthalmic Therapy or Therapy for the Ageing Musculoskeletal System? King’s College London. Proceedings of Physiological Society, Proc Physiol Soc 14 (2009) PC40
  38. 38. Michael R. Graham1,5, Paul Ryan1, Peter Evans2, Non-E Thomas3, Baker, JS and Bruce Davies5 (2009) Insulin administration in sport may increase body mass and strength, but it adversely affects blood profiles UNITED KINGDOM STRENGTH & CONDITIONING ASSOCIATION2009 National Conference June 5-7, 2009 Robinson Executive conference Centre, Wyboston Lakes, Bedfordshire. Key Note Presentation
  39. Dope Opera! Do Eye Drops allow Enhancement of Sporting Performance by Muscular Development?(2009) Michael R. Graham1,5, Paul Ryan1, Peter Evans2, Non-E Thomas3, Baker, JS and Bruce Davies5 UNITED KINGDOM STRENGTH & CONDITIONING ASSOCIATION2009 National Conference June 5-7, 2009 Robinson Executive conference Centre, Wyboston Lakes, Bedfordshire. Key Note Presentation
  40. Grace, Fergal M.; Graham, Michael T.; Baker JS.; Sculthorpe, Nick; Haggett, Adrian; Brouner, James; Cole,Lisa; Davies, Bruce FACSM (2009) Further Considerations For The Diagnostic Evaluation Of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) Associated Hepatotoxicity Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise: May 2009 – Volume 41 – Issue 5 – pp 396-397
  41. Baker, JS Michael R. Graham1, Paul Ryan1, Peter Evans2, Bruce Davies3, Stephen M. Cooper4 (2009) S100B is superior to neurone specific enolase as a prognostic marker for brain damage following technical knockouts in contact karate. Paper presented at the physiological society meeting. Neuroendocrinology special interest group, Cardiff University (2009) Proc Physiol Soc 17, PC17
  42. *NE Thomas, DRR Williams, DA Rowe, B Davies and Baker, JS (2009). Secular trends in established and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in Welsh adolescents. 25th International Symposium of Pediatric Work Physiology at the University of Lille 2, France. 29th Sept –3rd Oct. Published in Pediatric Exercise Science. Invited presentation.
  43. Michael R. Graham1,Fergal Grace, Peter Evans2, Bruce Davies3, Baker JS (2010) GH improves endothelial function & lipid profile but increases RPP & PIIIP in drug users” Communication  at The Physiological  Society’s Cross Themed Meeting at Durham University, 15 – 17 December 2010. Proc Physiol Soc 21 (2010) PC36
  44. M.R. Graham1, P. J. Evans2, B. Davies3, N.E. Thomas4, F.M. Grace5, J.S. Baker5(2011) Exogenous rhGH improves specific cardiovascular risk markers but compromises Rate Pressure Product & Amino-terminal Propeptide of Type III Procollagen.  Paper presented at the Athens Sports Medicine conference7th Annual International Conference on Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 27-30 June 2011, Athens, Greece
  45. M. R. Graham1, P. J. Evans2, B. Davies3, F. M. Grace4, J. S. Baker4 (2011) GH improves endothelial function & lipid profile but increases RPP & PIIIP in drug users Paper presented to the Physiological society special interest group Microvascular & Endothelial Physiology at Durham University
  46. L. D. Hayes1,2, F. M. Grace2, N. Sculthorpe2, J. S. Baker2 (2014) Salivary testosterone measurement in sports medicine: A meta-analysis Physiology 2014 (London, UK) (2014) Proceedings of The Physiological Society 31, PCA156
  47. Grace FM, Herbert P, Ratcliffe JWT, Kilduff L, Hullin D, Hayes L Baker JS & Sculthorpe N (2014) Effects of Subsequent High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Resting Testosterone and IGF-1 in Ageing Males. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) annual conference, Orlando FL May 27th -31st 2014.
  48. Sculthorpe N, Ratcliffe JWT, Herbert P, Kilduff L, Hullin D, Hayes L Baker JS New K & Grace FM (2014) Effects Of Subsequent High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) On L-arginine, Dimethyarginines (adma;Sdma) And Their Ratios In Ageing Males. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) annual conference, Orlando FL May 27th -31st 2014.
  49. Hayes LD, Sculthorpe N, Baker JS & Grace FM. (2015). Resting steroid hormone concentrations in lifetime exercisers and lifetime sedentary males. American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) annual conference, San Diego, CA, 26th-30th May 2015.

Geoff Bates

Bath university
gb818@bath.ac.uk

Geoff Bates

Geoff is a Research Associate at the University of Bath’s Institute for Policy Research. His research interests are in understanding health and social behaviours and influencing behaviour through interventions and policy. His work considers the use of evidence to understand behaviour, inform decision-making and the development of interventions. Geoff previously worked at the National Institute of Health and Social Care Excellence (NICE) developing public health guidance, and at Liverpool John Moores University as a public health researcher and lecturer. His research on IPEDs has focussed on understanding and informing interventions relating to prevention, harm reduction and treatment; and his PhD used intervention and implementation science to critique and inform the public health response to AAS use in the UK. He has worked on several waves of the UK national IPEDs survey, evaluations of services targeting IPED users and contributed to NICE guidance for delivering Needle and Syringe Programmes. Beyond IPEDs, his current research focuses on influencing decision-making in policymakers in national and local government, with an emphasis on improving and protecting health in urban environments through evidence-informed approaches.

Relevant Publications

Reference list

  • Zahnow R, McVeigh J, Bates G, Winstock AR. Motives and Correlates of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use With Stimulant Polypharmacy. Contemporary Drug Problems. 2020:0091450920919456.
  • Bates G, Begley E, Tod D, Jones L, Leavey C, McVeigh J. A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids. J Health Psychol. 2019;24(11):1595-612
  • Bates G, Van Hout MC, Teck JTW, McVeigh J. Treatments for people who use anabolic androgenic steroids: a scoping review. Harm Reduct J. 2019;16(1):75.
  • Bates G, Tod D, Leavey C, McVeigh J. An evidence-based socioecological framework to understand men’s use of anabolic androgenic steroids and inform interventions in this area. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy. 2018:1-9.
  • Zahnow R, McVeigh J, Bates G, Hope V, Kean J, Campbell J, et al. Identifying a typology of men who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS). The International Journal of Drug Policy. 2018;55:105-12.
  • Bates G, Jones L, Cochrane M, Pendlebury M, Sumnall H. The effectiveness of interventions related to the use of illicit drugs: prevention, harm reduction, treatment and recovery. A ‘review of reviews’. Dublin: Health Research Board; 2017.
  • Bates G, McVeigh J. Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs 2015 Survey Results. Centre for Public Health: Liverpool John Moores University; 2016.
  • McVeigh J, Bates G, Chandler M. Steroids and Image Enhancing Drugs. 2014 Survey Results. Liverpool: Centre for Public Health; 2015.
  • Bates G, Jones L, McVeigh J. Update of NICE guidance PH18 on ‘Needle and syringe programme’. PIEDs review. Liverpool: Public Health Institute; 2014.
  • Bates G, Backhouse S. Preventing image and performance enhancing drug use: It’s not all chalk and talk. van de Ven K, Mulrooney K, McVeigh J, editors. London: Routledge; 2019.

Dr. Ian D. Boardley

Reader in Sport & Exercise Psychology
University of Birmingham
I.D.Boardley@bham.ac.uk

Ian Boardley
After obtaining a BSc (Hons) in Sport Science (1st class) at the University of Leeds, Dr. Boardley completed his PhD at the University of Birmingham. He commenced his career at the University of Birmingham in 2008 as a Lecturer in Sport Psychology and Education and was subsequently promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2016 and then Reader in 2020. Dr Boardley is internationally recognised for his work examining how people rationalize engaging behavior harmful behavior in sport and exercise contexts, with a particular interest in image and performance enhancing drug use. More recently he has extended this work to the education context, studying students’ use of cognitive enhancing drugs. Through research funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency, the European Union, the International Olympic Committee and the Economic and Social Research Council, he has helped establish the University of Birmingham as one of the leading centres for Enhancement Drug Research in the UK. His present research includes a longitudinal study examining the gateway hypothesis of doping in sport (WADA funded) and PhD studentships examining psychosocial factors influencing harmful steroid use, steroid dependence, and enhancement drug use in sport and education (ESRC funded).

Web page: http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/sport-exercise/staff/profile.aspx?ReferenceId=5034&Name=dr-ian-boardley

Relevant Publications

Relevant References

  • van de Vena, K., Boardley, I. D., & Chandler, M. (in review). Identifying best practice amongst health professionals working who work with people who use using image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) through action research. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health.
  • Boardley, I. D. (2019). Licit Forms of Performance Enhancement and Possible Links with IPED Use: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. In K. van de Ven, K. Mulrooney, & J. McVeigh (Eds.), Human Enhancement Drugs. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
  • Boardley, I. D., Grix, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Smith, A. L. (2019). A qualitative investigation of coaches’ doping confrontation efficacy beliefs. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45, 101576.
  • Boardley, I. D., Smith, A. L., Ntoumanis, N., Gucciardi, D. F., & Harris, T. S. (2019). Perceptions of coach doping confrontation efficacy and athlete susceptibility to intentional and inadvertent doping. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 29(10), 1647-1654.
  • Heyes, A. R., & Boardley, I. D. (2019). Psychosocial factors facilitating use of cognitive enhancing drugs in education: a qualitative investigation of moral disengagement and associated processes. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 26(4), 329-338.
  • Hurst, P., Kavussanu, M., Boardley, I. D. & Ring, C., (2019). Sport Supplement Use Predicts Doping Attitudes and Likelihood via Sport Supplement Beliefs, Journal of Sports Sciences 37(15), 1734-1740.
  • Boardley, I. D., Smith, A. L., Mills, J., Grix, J., Wynne, C., & Wilkins, L. (2018). Development of moral disengagement and self-regulatory efficacy assessments relevant to doping in sport and exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 36, 57-70.
  • Boardley, I. D., Smith, A. L., Mills, J. P., Grix, J., & Wynne, C. (2017). Empathic and Self-Regulatory Processes Governing Doping Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1495.
  • Matosic, D., Ntoumanis, N., Boardley, I. D., Stenling, A., & Sedikides, C. (2016). Linking narcissism, motivation, and doping attitudes in sport: A multilevel investigation involving coaches and athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38, 556-566.
  • Boardley, I. D. (2016). Application of Bandura’s (1991) Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Thought and Action to Performance Enhancing Drug Use in Sport. In Hauw, D. (Ed.), Psychologie Du Dopage. Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck Superieur.
  • Boardley, I. D., Grix, J., & Harkin, J. (2015). Doping in Team and Individual Sports: A Qualitative Investigation of Moral Disengagement and Associated Processes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, & Health, 7, 698–717.
  • Boardley, I. D., Grix, J., & Dewar, A. (2014). Moral disengagement and associated processes in performance enhancing drug use: A national qualitative investigation. Journal of Sport Sciences, 32, 9, 836-844.
  • Boardley, I. D., & Grix, J. (2014). Doping in Bodybuilders: A Qualitative Investigation of Facilitative Psychosocial Processes. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, & Health, 6, 422-439.
  • Kaye, M. P., & Boardley, I. D. (2012). Beyond punishment: Doping, deterrence, and moral disengagement. Journal of Sports Medicine and Doping Studies, 2:6.

Gavin Breslin

University of Ulster
g.breslin1@ulster.ac.uk

Martin Chandler

MSc, BSc, PGCE
University of Birmingham
M.D.Chandler@bham.ac.uk

Martin Chandler

Martin is currently undertaking a PhD at the University of Birmingham, exploring “Effects of Permitted Forms of Performance Enhancement on Determinants of Doping in UK Student-Athletes”, having previously worked there as a Research Fellow in Performance Enhancing Drugs on a European-wide project. Prior to joining the University of Birmingham, Martin was a Researcher in Human Enhancement Drugs, based at Liverpool John Moores University and has been studying the use of Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) for 14 years.  He has presented at both national and international conferences on a range of issues around IPED use, contributed to local and national government guidance on the provision of services for IPED clients, designed and delivered training for a wide range of audiences around the self-directed use of IPEDs and has provided expert witness testimony in a number of high profile cases involving anabolic steroids. 

interview
Relevant Publications

Publications

  • Chandler, M. et al (2015) “Turning Evidence into Practice: Providing effective services for people who use image and performance enhancing drugs”. July 2015 PHE publications gateway number: 2015197
  • Evans-Brown, M., Kimergard, A., McVeigh, J., Chandler, M. & Brandt, S. (2014) Is the breast cancer drug tamoxifen being sold as a bodybuilding dietary supplement? BMJ 2014; 348 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1476 (Published 13 February 2014)
  • Evans-Brown M, Dawson RT, Chandler M, McVeigh J, (2009) Use of Melanotan I and II in the General Public – British Medical Journal 2009, 338 :b566 Link to corresponding website

Neil Chester

Liverpool John Moores University
n.chester@ljmu.ac.uk

Ross Coomber

Ph.D.
Ross.Coomber@liverpool.ac.uk

Ross Coomber

Ross Coomber, Ph.D., is Emeritus Professor of Criminology and Sociology at the University of Liverpool. He has been involved in researching a wide range of issues relating to drug use, drug supply and formal and informal interventions in many societies around the world for over twenty-five years. In relation to IPED he was an early (1993) advocate of harm reduction approaches to performance enhancing drug use in professional sport, and in broader policy terms, that there are many myths and contradictions about fairness in the sporting world (1998) that confound simple doping policy. More recently (2014) he has tried to show how much of what happens in ant-doping policy in the sporting world has its roots in, and mirrors, responses to illicit drugs in the non-sporting world. Recent IPED research (2015/6) relates much supply of IPEDs at the local non-professional and semi-professional levels to be closer to friend/social supply than dealing proper and should be treated as such by the criminal justice system. He also strongly believes that the use of recreational drugs should not be the remit of sporting authorities or bodies such as WADA (2013b).

Relevant Publications

IPED Related Publications:

  • Coomber, R. and Salinas, M. (2019) ‘The supply of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPED) to local non-elite users in England: resilient traditional, and newly emergent, methods’, in Katinka van de Ven  and Kyle Mulrooney (Eds.) Human Enhancement Drugs, Routledge
  • Hanley Santos, G. and Coomber, R. (2017) ‘The risk environment of anabolic-androgenic steroid users in the UK: Examining motivations, practices and accounts of use’, International Journal of Drug Policy, 40, 35-4. [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.11.005
  • Coomber, R., Pavlidis, A., Hanley Santos, G., Wilde, M. Schmidt, W. and Redshaw, C. (2014) ‘The supply of steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) in one English city: Fakes, counterfeits, supplier trust, common beliefs and access’, Performance Enhancement & Health, 3(3): 135-144.
  • [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2015.10.004]
  • Coomber, R., Hanley Santos, G., Coomber-Moore, J., Redshaw, C., Wilde, M. and Schmidt (2014) Steroids and Image Enhancing Drug (SIED) Use and Supply in the City of Plymouth, Full Report. Drug and Alcohol Research Service  (June) 45pp.
  • Coomber, R. (2014) ‘How social fear of drugs in the non-sporting world creates a framework for policy in the sporting world’. Special Issue: Anti-Doping Rational Policy or Moral Panic?’ International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 6(2): 171-193.
  • [ http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2012.756824]
  • Coomber, R. (2013) Commentary: ‘Expansion beyond reason: WADA surveillance and sanction should not concern itself with non-sporting social issues and Public Health’, Performance Enhancement & Health, 2(2): 62-63.
  • [ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2013.08.005]
  • Coomber, R. (1996) ‘The Effect of Drug Use in Sport on People’s Perception of Sport: The Policy Consequences’, International Journal of Performance Enhancing Drugs, Vol 1, No.1. pp 16-20.
  • Coomber, R. (1994) ‘Drugs Policy in Sport: Re-inventing the [Square] Wheel? Druglink, November/December, Vol 9, Issue 6. p10.
  • Coomber, R. (1993) ‘Drugs in Sport: Rhetoric or Pragmatism?’, International Journal of Drug Policy, Vol 4 No. 4, pp 169-178.

Ornella Corazza

Ph.D.
o.corazza@herts.ac.uk

Ornella Corazza

Ornella Corazza, Ph.D. is an Associate Professor/Reader in Substance Addictions and Behaviours with a research interest in emerging drugs trends and responses to enhancement drugs, especially in relation to body-image and identity issues. Results of her work have been presented in 120 peer-reviewed publications, books, numerous invited lectures and media appearances. Her academic achievements have been recognized with various prizes and award nominations, including the prestigious 2013 European Health Award. She is the President of the International Society for the Study of Emerging Drugs and she serves as an expert advisor for national policy makers as well as international bodies, such as the United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime  and the World Anti-Doping Agency, while playing a major role in health education internationally.

Relevant Publications

Reference list 

  • Corazza, O., Simonato, , Demetrovics, Z., Mooney, R., van de Ven, K., Roman-Urresterazu, A., Rácmolnár, L., De Luca, I., Cinosi, E., Santacroce, R., Marini, M., Wellsted, D., Sullivan, K.,Bersani, G., Martinotti, G. The Emergence of Exercise Addiction, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, and other Image-related psychopathological correlates in Fitness Settings: a cross sectional study, PLoS ONE 14(4):e0213060. ISSN: 1932-6203; DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213060
  • Corazza, O., Bersani, F. S., Brunoro, R., Valeriani, G., Martinotti, G., & Schifano, F. (2014). The diffusion of performance and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs) on the internet: the abuse of the cognitive enhancer piracetam. Substance use & misuse, 49(14), 1849-1856. Dec;49(14):1849-56. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2014.912232. Epub 2014 May 14.
  • Corazza, O., Bersani, F. S., Brunoro, R., Valeriani, G., Martinotti, G., & Schifano, F. (2014). The diffusion of performance and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs) on the internet: the abuse of the cognitive enhancer piracetam. Substance use & misuse, 49(14), 1849-1856. Dec;49(14):1849-56. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2014.912232. Epub 2014 May 14.
  • Corazza, O., Assi, S., Simonato P, Corkery J, Bersani FS, Demetrovics Z, Stair J, Fergus S, Pezzolesi C, Pasinetti M, Deluca P, Drummond C, Davey Z, Blaszko U, Moskalewicz J, Mervo B, Furia LD, Farre M, Flesland L, Pisarska A, Shapiro H, Siemann H, Skutle A, Sferrazza E, Torrens M, Sambola F, van der Kreeft P, Scherbaum N, Schifano (2013). Promoting Innovation and excellence to face the rapid diffusion of Novel Psychoactive Substances in the EU: the outcomes of the ReDNet project. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental. Special Issue, Jul,28(4): 317-23. doi: 10.1002/hup.2299.
  • Giorgetti, V., Cicconcelli, D., De Luca, I., Abdi, S., Negri, A., Bersani, F.S., Imperatori, C., Corazza, O. (2020) Fitspiration on social media: body-image and other psychopathological risks among young adults. Eating and Weight Disorders (under submission).
  • Negri, A., Townshend, H., Simonato, P., Mariya Prilutskaya, Tippett, A., Corazza, O.  Untested drugs sold us fitness supplements: a netnographic analysis on uses, perceived risks and side-effects. Performance Enhancement and Health (under submission).
  • Mooney, R., Simonato, P., Ruparelia, R., Roman‐Urrestarazu, A., Martinotti, G., & Corazza, O. (2017). The use of supplements and performance and image enhancing drugs in fitness settings: A exploratory cross‐sectional investigation in the United Kingdom. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, May;32(3). doi: 10.1002/hup.2619
  • De Luca, I., Simonato, P. Mooney, R., Bersani, G., Corazza, O. (2017) Can exercise be an addiction? An evolution of ‘fitspiration’ in society. Research and Advances in Psychiatry, 4 (1): 27-34.

 

Edited Books

  • Rabin, O., Corazza, O. Emerging Drugs in Sport.Springer 2021 (forthcoming).
  • Corazza, O., Bowden-Jones, H. From Exercise to Addition: the fitspirational era of image and performance enhancing drugs. Cambridge University Press (forthcoming).
  • Corazza, O., Roman-Urrestarazu, A. (2018) Handbook on Novel Psychoactive Substances. What clinicians should know about NPS. New York: Routledge.
  • Corazza, O., Roman-Urrestarazu, A. (2017) Novel Psychoactive Substances: Policy, Economics and Drug Regulations. Berlin: Springer.

 

Book Chapters

  • Kapitány-Fövény, M., Corazza, O., Demetrovics, Z. (2020) Novel Psychoactive Substances: A New Challenge for Prevention and Treatment. Cambridge Handbook for substance and behavioural addictions. Cambridge University Press (in press).
  • Ornella Corazza, Andres Roman-Urrestarazu (2017) The proliferation of NPS as a ‘game changer’ for public health policy. Novel Psychoactive Substances: Policy, Economics and Drug Regulation, August 2017, Pages xiii-xvii
  • Corazza, O., Chan, H. Y., & Roman-Urrestarazu, A. (2017). NPS: Moving from Blanket Prohibition to a Functionalist Approach. In Novel Psychoactive Substances: Policy, Economics and Drug Regulations. (pp. 125-137). Springer.

Dr Ieuan Cranswick

PhD, MSc, BSc (Hons), FHEA, MSST
I.Cranswick@leedsbeckett.ac.uk

Ieuan Cranswick

I am a Graduate Sports Therapist by trade and currently a Senior Lecturer in Sport and Exercise Therapy at Leeds Beckett University. I have a BSc (Hons) in Sport and Exercise Science, MSc in Sports Therapy, and PhD in Sport and Exercise Science. My PhD was completed at Liverpool John Moores University and was a part of the Psychology and Development Research Group. My PhD focus was specifically in Psychology and explored male body image and the desire to be more muscular.

 I am an early career researcher and have a huge passion for research in muscle dysmorphia, the drive for muscularity, and the motivations for anabolic steroid use.  My research mainly lies within the qualitative paradigm and I am inspired by the rich stories that underpin and influence individuals’ body image concerns and their relationships, attitudes, and behaviours associated with image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs), and specifically anabolic steroids.

I currently have a couple of projects in the pipeline with one aiming to review the qualitative literature on the motivations for anabolic steroid use and the other exploring the life-histories and narratives of anabolic steroid users in an attempt to understand influences and motivations for use.

Relevant Publications

References:

  • Tod, D., Edwards, C., & Cranswick, I. (2016). Muscle dysmorphia: Current Insights. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 9, 179-188. Doi: 2147/prbm.s97404
  • Cranswick, I., Richardson, D., Littlewood, M., & Tod, D. (in press). “Oh take some man-up pills”: A life-history study of muscles, masculinity, and the threat of injury. Performance Enhancement & Health.

Ian Davies

Liverpool John Moores University
I.G.Davies@LJMU.ac.uk

Will Meddick-Dyson

CESPT | FdSc Biological Sciences | BSc Molecular and Cellular Biology | MSc Bioscience | PhD Researcher – Biomolecular NMR/Antibiotic Resistance
wamdpt@gmail.com

Will Meddick-Dyson

I am a Molecular Biologist specialising in Protein and Structural Biology. I acquired my FdSc Biological Sciences and BSc Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of Huddersfield before moving to the University of Leeds where I completed my MSc in Biosciences (multidisciplinary) and am now (2020) half way through my PhD in Molecular Biology which is focused on furthering our understanding of the role of structural dynamics in proteins implicated in antibiotic resistance. I have been deeply involved in the fitness industry for 12 years, having held numerous roles from management positions within the sports supplement industry to being a personal trainer and running my own coaching service. I have had a passion for bodybuilding for well over a decade and have been competing for 5 years. I have over 10 years experience with the use, utility, advising and management of anabolic steroids, work closely with natural and enhanced athletes and have acquired deep insight into their place within the fitness industry. I continually strive to help bring rationality and accountability to a sport and industry where the risks and management of anabolic steroid use is, at present, poorly understood and lacking in appropriate support networks.

Claire Edmundsen

Public Health England
Claire.Edmundson@phe.gov.uk

Dr Christian Edwards 

c.edwards@worc.ac.uk

Christian Edwards

Dr Christian Edwards is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Worcester, where he coordinates the Gender, Identity and the Body research theme. He is a member of the Men and Boys Coalition and the Male Psychology Network. The principal focus of his research is on the antecedents and consequences of muscularity-orientated body image in men. He has published his work in, and reviews for, a number of leading academic journals within this research area. His publications can be viewed here.

In his current work, he is exploring the life histories of male gym-goers and bodybuilders who use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). In this work, he hopes to expose the key events and perceived processes that lead these men to AAS use. Christian is also interested in how individuals may seek help for appearance-related concerns and associated behaviours, and he is currently collaborating on research examining the barriers and facilitators to help-seeking.

Twitter: @ChrisJEdw
Research gate: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Edwards
Email: C.Edwards@worc.ac.uk
Phone: 01905 542217

Dr Jen Germain

J.S.Germain@ljmu.ac.uk

Jen Germain

Dr Jennifer Germain works at the Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University as a project manager. Her PhD which was completed in 2018 looked at the female use of unlicensed weight loss drugs including 2,4 dinitrophenol, rimonabant and sibutramine. She has an interest in body image, enhancement drugs, online research and all things public health.

interview

Nick Gibbs

nicholas.gibbs@northumbria.ac.uk

Nick Gibbs

Nick Gibbs is a PhD researcher at Northumbria University, having completed his undergraduate and Masters degree in Criminology at Birmingham City University. His research concerns the consumption and supply of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) and the intersection of social media, contemporary gym culture and late-capitalist subjectivity. He values interdisciplinary collaboration as well as emerging research methodologies, including connective ethnography and visual methods. Nick works within the schools of ultra-realist criminology and deviant leisure, and is particularly interested in exploring IPEDs in relation to the current late-capitalist epoch.

Alex Hall

University of Northumbria
alex.hall@northumbria.ac.uk

Orlanda Harvey

Bournemouth University
harveyo@bournemouth.ac.uk

Orlanda Harvey

Dr Orlanda Harvey is a social work lecturer within the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences at Bournemouth University with a research interest in image and performance enhancing drug (IPED) use. After a spending 17 years in leadership and management training, she recently requalified as a Social Worker and became interested in IPED use after working with an Addiction Community Team and meeting a number of AAS users, who sought a different type of support to the more traditional service users. Consequently, her MA dissertation focused on identifying what Social Workers needed to know about people who chose to use IPED. Her PhD research project was a mixed methods study into Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) use which explored to explore the experiences of recreational AAS-users and ascertain their needs and wants on information and support. Her study found complex and interlinked motivations for AAS use by participants that could change over time and found a number of male participants using AAS in later life as a form of Testosterone Replacement Therapy. In relation to ideal support, most AAS-users were seeking evidence-based information but did not seek professional support due to stigma and lack of faith in the knowledge of professionals.

Relevant Publications

Publications

  • Harvey, O. (2018). ‘Shades of Grey’: The Ethics of Social Work Practice in Relation to Un-prescribed Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use. Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2018.1510480
  • Harvey, O., Keen, S., Teijlingen, E. van, & Parrish, M. (2019). Support for people who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Systematic Scoping Review into what they want and what they access. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7288-x
  • Harvey, O., & Parrish, M. (2019). Social Work Implications of Anabolic – Androgenic Steroid Use , Particularly Among Young People: A Literature Review. Practice, 0(0), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2019.1653450
  • Harvey, O., Parrish, M., Teijlingen, E. van, and Trenoweth, S., 2020. Support for non-prescribed anabolic androgenic steroids users: a qualitative exploration of their needs. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy [online], 1–10.
  • Harvey, O. (2020). Social work and substance use. In J. Parker (Ed.), Introducing Social Work (1st ed., pp. 297–310). Learning Matters/Sage.
  • Harvey, O., 2020. Male anabolic androgenic steroid-users: a mixed-methods study. The voice of the AAS-user. Doctoral Thesis (Doctoral). Bournemouth University. https://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/34446/

Evelyn Hearne

PhD.
E.Hearne@ljmu.ac.uk

Evelyn Hearne

Evelyn Hearne is a PhD researcher at the Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University and a DTA3/COFUND Marie Skłodowska-Curie Early Stage Researcher. Evelyn has experience working with and conducting qualitative research and is published in the areas of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs), new psychoactive drugs, public health, harm reduction, homemade drug use, marginalised communities, internet drug monitoring, and the Dark Net.

 Her mixed methods PhD research focuses on older male anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. The primary aim is to explores the lived experiences of AAS users, both current and previous among older males (>45 years) in the United Kingdom from the perspectives of users and health professionals. Taking a socio-ecological perspective, it focuses on understanding influences and motivations for use (initiation of use or continued use), decision-making processes, trajectories and patterns of use, self-reported positive and adverse effects and intervention needs at the individual, community and societal level.

Relevant Publications

Publications related to IPEDs

  • Van Hout, M.C. and Hearne, E. (2015) “Plant or Poison”: a netnographic study of recreational use of 1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA). International Journal of Drug Policy, 26 (12), pp.1279-1281.
  • Van Hout, M.C. and Hearne, E. (2016) Pulses and Potions: Netnography of female use of the synthetic growth hormone CJC-1295. Substance Use and Misuse, 51 (1), pp.73-84.
  • Van Hout, M.C., Hearne, E., Bates, G. and McVeigh, J. (2017) Community pharmacist experiences of needle and syringe exchange from a national evaluation of the pilot Pharmacy Needle Exchange (PNEX) programme in Ireland. Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy. 13 (4), pp.767-777.
  • Hearne, E., Wazaify, M., Van Hout, M.C., Atkinson, A. & McVeigh, J. (2019). Anabolic-androgenic steroid use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Scoping Review of Extant Empirical Literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.

April Henning

Ph.D.
april.henning@stir.ac.uk

April Henning

I joined the University of Stirling in 2018 as a Lecturer in Sport Studies. I have a PhD in Sociology and completed pre- and post-doctoral fellowships supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) in the United States. My main research area is substance use in sport and fitness contexts, including sports doping, fitness doping and image and performance enhancing drug (IPED) use, gender, harm reduction, and anti-doping policy. My research has been funded by the Wellcome Trust, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), and World Athletics (formerly IAAF). I am the co-Director of the S3RG Research Group within the Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport at Stirling. Within my research subfield I am co-Director of the International Network of Doping Researchers (INDR) and a board member of the Human Enhancement Drugs Network (HEDN). I am also an Associate Editor at the journal Performance Enhancement & Health and an Editorial Board member of the Sport & Society research network.

Relevant Publications

Selected publications:

  • Henning, A., McLean, K., Andreasson, J., & Dimeo, P. (2020). Risk and enabling environments in sport: Systematic doping as harm reduction. International Journal of Drug Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102897
  • Hong, H. J., Henning, A., & Dimeo, P. (2020). Life after doping—A cross-country analysis of organisational support for sanctioned athletes. Performance Enhancement & Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2020.100161
  • Henning, A., & Andreasson, J. (2019). “Yay, Another Lady Starting a Log!”: Women’s Fitness Doping and the Gendered Space of an Online Doping Forum. Communication & Sport. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479519896326
  • Andreasson, J., & Henning, A. (2019). Glocal fitness doping: Policy, practice and prevention in the United States and Sweden. Performance Enhancement & Health, 6(3-4), 103-110.
  • Henning, A. (2018). Substance use, anti-doping, and health in amateur cycling. Doping in Cycling: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.
  • Henning, A. D., & Dimeo, P. (2018). The new front in the war on doping: Amateur athletes. International Journal of Drug Policy, 51, 128-136.
  • Henning, A., & Dimeo, P. (2018). Perceptions of legitimacy, attitudes and buy-in among athlete groups: a cross-national qualitative investigation providing practical solutions. Report to the World Anti-Doping Agency. WADA.
  • Henning, A. (2017). Challenges to promoting health for amateur athletes through anti-doping policy. Drugs: Education, prevention and policy, 24(3), 306-313.
  • Henning, A. D. (2015). Health culture and running: Non-elite runners’ understandings of doping and supplementation. Journal of amateur sport, 1(2), 51.
  • Henning, A. D., & Dimeo, P. (2015). Questions of fairness and anti-doping in US cycling: The contrasting experiences of professionals and amateurs. Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 22(5), 400-409.
  • Henning, A. D. (2014). (Self-) surveillance, anti-doping, and health in non-elite road running. Surveillance & society, 11(4), 494.
  • Henning, A. D., & Dimeo, P. (2014). The complexities of anti-doping violations: A case study of sanctioned cases in all performance levels of USA cycling. Performance enhancement & health, 3(3-4), 159-166.

Dr Stephanie Hill

stephanie.hill11@nhs.net

Stephanie Hill

My name is Dr Stephanie Hill. I have a degree in Biochemistry and following this completed graduate entry medicine, qualifying as a medical doctor in 2016. I am actually working towards becoming a specialist in palliative medicine but alongside my medical work I compete in bodybuilding. Through my hobby I have met many people who use performance enhancing drugs and my passion for improving education surround the topic stems from their frustration when communicating with healthcare professionals. As a doctor I have insight into how little teaching is how given on the topic and I hope to be able to help bridge the gap between medicine and users. My work so far has looked at this disparity and I aim to improve education for doctors to close the gap. 

Relevant Publications

Reference:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042098619855291

Vivian Hope

V.D.Hope@ljmu.ac.uk

Vivian Hope

Viv is currently Professor of Public Health at the Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moore University. Prior to this he worked at Public Health England and has also held academic posts at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Imperial College London, and the University of Birmingham. He has over 25 years research experience focused on understanding the health harms associated with the use of a range of drugs and the responses to these harms. His research interests include the use of image and performance enhancing drugs, sexualised drug use, and the use of drugs and alcohol among LGBT+ communities.  His work has had a particular focus on preventing and responding to infections among those who use drugs.

Relevant Publications
  • Facilitators and barriers to health care access amongst people using image and performance enhancing drugs in Wales: Findings & Outcomes Report.
    Hope V, Leavey C, Morgan G, Acreman D, Turner D, Smith J.
    Public Health Wales, Cardiff, July 2020.
  • The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on needle and syringe programme provision and coverage in England.
    Whitfield M, Reed H, Webster J, Hope V.
    Int J Drug Policy. 2020 Jul 15:102851.
  • Secondary distribution of injecting equipment obtained from needle and syringe programmes by people injecting image and performance enhancing drugs: England and Wales, 2012-15.
    Glass R, Hope VD, Njoroge J, Edmundson C, Smith J, McVeigh J, Parry J, Desai M.
    Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019 Feb 1;195:40-44.
  • Infections and risk among people who use image and performance enhancing drugs.
    Hope V, Iversen J.
    In: Human Enhancement Drugs. Ed: Van De Ven K, Mulrooney KJD, McVeigh J. pp85-100 Routledge. Oxford. 978-1-138-55279-1
  • Identifying a typology of men who use anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS).
    Zahnow R, McVeigh J, Bates G, Hope V, Kean J, Campbell J, Smith J.
    Int J Drug Policy. 2018 May;55:105-112.
  • Low levels of hepatitis C diagnosis and testing uptake among people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs in England and Wales, 2012-15.
    Hope VD, McVeigh J, Smith J, Glass R, Njoroge J, Tanner C, Parry JV, Ncube F, Desai M.
    Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Oct 1;179:83-86.
  • Risk of HIV and Hepatitis B and C Over Time Among Men Who Inject Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs in England and Wales: Results From Cross-Sectional Prevalence Surveys, 1992-2013.
    Hope VD, Harris R, McVeigh J, Cullen KJ, Smith J, Parry JV, DeAngelis D, Ncube F.
    J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016 Mar 1;71(3):331-7
  • Injection site infections and injuries in men who inject image- and performance-enhancing drugs: prevalence, risks factors, and healthcare seeking.
    Hope VD, McVeigh J, Marongiu A, Evans-Brown M, Smith J, Kimergård A, Parry JV, Ncube F.
    Epidemiol Infect. 2015 Jan;143(1):132-40.
  • Prevalence of, and risk factors for, HIV, hepatitis B and C infections among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs: a cross-sectional study.
    Hope VD, McVeigh J, Marongiu A, Evans-Brown M, Smith J, Kimergård A, Croxford S, Beynon CM, Parry JV, Bellis MA, Ncube F.
    BMJ Open. 2013 Sep 12;3(9):e003207.

Alex Kolliari-Turner

A.Kolliari-Turner@brighton.ac.uk

Alex Kolliari-Turner

Alex is currently a PhD student at the University of Brighton working under the supervision of Professor Yannis Pitsiladis, Dr Guan Wang and Dr Fergus Guppy. This Brighton group has formed a collaboration with the University of Rome “Foro Italico” and since 2017 has been working collaboratively on a project entitled “Implications of RNA-seq in the detection of anabolic steroid use and the harnessing of the molecular mechanism(s) of muscle memory”. Mice studies have shown that AAS exposure results in elevated myonuclei per fibre values for prolonged periods of time. These residual myonuclei potentially enhance “muscle memory” and could result in long term benefits, via an enhanced propensity for muscle hypertrophy, after AAS exposure stops. So far only two human studies have investigated myonuclei per fibre values in a cohort of past AAS users, as this can act as a proxy for elevated levels of myonuclei retention through time. This Rome/Brighton project has aimed to recruit past AAS users and also recruit current AAS users and monitor them longitudinally though time to see how muscle mass, fibre cross sectional area and myonuclei per fibre values change after AAS usage stops, to investigate this proposed molecular mechanism of muscle memory. Muscle biopsies have been collected from consenting participants and stored for histological analysis and also stored in RNA, DNA and protein preservatives for “omic” analysis. Whole blood has also been collected and stored in RNA preservative, in addition to the collection of serum, plasma, urine and saliva. The research project aims to sequence the RNA from the collected whole blood and muscle tissue on the BGI DNBSEQ-G400 to better understand how AAS influence gene expression. Alex is also collaborating with this Brighton group on another research project, entitled “The Tavistock Transgender Athlete Study” that is investigating this proposed “muscle memory” mechanism of myonuclei retention in transgender individuals undergoing gender-affirming treatment. Alex has also published research articles related to the usage of AAS in sports, particularly in international weightlifting and other summer Olympic sports.

Tony Knox

University of Birmingham
AGK715@student.bham.ac.uk

Tony Knox

Tony Knox is a third year PhD student at the University of Birmingham. His PhD thesis explores the psychosocial responses to harm associated with IPED use. His main research interest are, motivations for IPED use, vocabularies of motive re IPED use, the motivation for the transition from moderate to harmful use, female IPED use and the recovery process associated with cycling IPEDs.  He is the Research Advisor on Scottish Drugs Forum’s Working Group on steroids which is directly responsible for informing the Scottish Government’s decision making in the areas of legal and health policy on IPED use in Scotland.  Prior to undertaking his PhD Tony spent 15 years working in public health research. He managed research projects on diverse topics including recovery from problematic alcohol and heroin use, blood borne virus transmission among PWIDs, the psychological impact on environmental changes and SSTIs among PWIDs.

Outside his PhD he coaches children and young adults with additional support needs in boxing, MMA and strength and conditioning training. He is a level three personal trainer and a member of the UK-Active Training Academy. 

Dr Justin Kotzé

J.Kotze@tees.ac.uk

Justin Koetze

Dr Justin Kotzé joined Teesside University in 2017 as a Senior Lecturer in Criminology and Criminal Justice. Prior to this he taught as a Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Northampton. Justin maintains an interest in a number of fields of study, including criminological theory, consumer culture, deviant leisure, steroid consumption, and social harm. The relationship between steroid consumption and liberal-postmodern consumer capitalism is of particular interest and, alongside his colleagues, Justin has published work in this area. Justin is also the author of The Myth of the ‘Crime Decline’ (Routledge, 2019) and co-editor of Zemiology (Palgrave, 2018).

Relevant Publications

Relevent References:

Kotzé, J., Richardson, A., and Antonopoulos, G.A. (2020) ‘Looking ‘acceptably’ feminine: A single case study of a female bodybuilder’s use of steroids’, Performance Enhancement and Health, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2020.100174

Kotzé, J. and Antonopoulos, G.A. (2019) ‘Boosting Bodily Capital: Maintaining Masculinity, Aesthetic Pleasure and Instrumental Utility Through the Consumption of Steroids’, Journal of Consumer Culture, https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540519846196

Boukli, A., and Kotzé, J. (2018) Zemiology: Reconnecting Crime and Social Harm. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lambros Lazuras

Sheffield Hallam University
L.Lazuras@shu.ac.uk

Conan Leavey

Liverpool John Moores University
c.leavey@ljmu.ac.uk

Charlotte Mclean

C.N.McLean@2014.ljmu.ac.uk

Charlotte McLean

Charlotte Mclean has recently completed her PhD within Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU) exploring women’s use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and growth hormone within bodybuilding culture under the supervision of Professor Jim McVeigh, Dr Conan Leavey and Professor Marie Claire Van Hout. The research combined ethnography, in depth interviews and photo elicitation to identify the specific, yet unquantified needs of this hard to reach population, providing a rich insight into the complexity surrounding the issue of steroid use in female bodybuilders. By illuminating and describing cultural rituals and practices within bodybuilding this research paves the way to understanding the wide-ranging set of behaviours and attitudes adopted in the pursuit of a hyper muscular and lean physique. Charlotte is currently working on several publications based on her thesis. 

interview

Déaglán McCullough

D.McCullough@2015.ljmu.ac.uk

Déaglán McCullough

Déaglán McCullough is currently in the final stages of his PhD at Liverpool John Moores University within the school of and Sport and Exercise Sciences. He holds an undergraduate degree in Sport and Exercise Science and a distinction in Master of Science in Sport and Exercise Physiology. This training motivated him to undertake a PhD in “mechanisms of metabolic health”. The PhD involved separate studies on the impact of nutrition and anabolic-androgenic steroid use on metabolic health and their effect on skeletal muscle. On completion of the PhD, he hopes to continue with research and contribute to publications on the effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use on metabolism, health and skeletal muscle.

interview

Jim McVeigh

J.McVeigh@mmu.ac.uk

Jim McVeigh

Jim McVeigh holds the post of Professor in Substance Use and Associated Behaviours in the Department of Sociology at Manchester Metropolitan University. Prior to his recent move he was the Director of the Public Health Institute at Liverpool John Moores University. He has worked within health/public health for over 30 years initially as a Registered General Nurse working with people who inject drugs, before moving into academia.  Jim has built an international reputation within the field of human enhancement drug use, in particular, the use of anabolic steroids and associated drugs within the general population.

He has published extensively on the topic and presented at many influential international conferences. He has contributed to UK National Drug Strategies and advised on legislation and health policy and practice. Jim collaborates with some of the leading international experts in the field and has recently co-edited the Routledge book Human Enhancement Drugs.

interview
Relevant Publications

Peer reviewed journal papers

  • McVeigh, J., Salinas-Edwards, M., & Ralphs, R. (2020). A Sentinel Population: The public health benefits of monitoring enhanced body builders. International Journal of Drug Policy. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102890
  • Zahnow, R., McVeigh, J., Bates, G., & Winstock, A. R. (2020). Motives and Correlates of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use With Stimulant Polypharmacy. Contemporary Drug Problems, 009145092091945.
  • Havnes, I. A., Jorsdad, M. L., McVeigh, J., Van Hout, M. C., & Bjornebekk, A. (2020). The anabolic androgenic steroid treatment gap: a national study of substance use disorder treatment. Substance Abuse : Research and Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178221820904150
  • Hearne, E., Wazaify, M., Van Hout, M. C., Atkinson, A., & McVeigh, J. (2020). Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: a Scoping Review of Extant Empirical Literature. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 10.1007/s11469-019-00217-8
  • Bates, G., Van Hout, M., Tay, J., & McVeigh, J. (2019). Treatments for people who use anabolic androgenic steroids: a scoping review. Harm Reduction Journal, 16
  • Mulrooney, K. J. D., van de Ven, K., McVeigh, J., & Collins, R. (2019). Steroid Madness- has the dark side of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) been over-stated? Performance Enhancement and Health, 6(3-4), 98-102.
  • McVeigh, J. (2019) Engaging with people who use image and performance enhancing drugs: one size does not fit all. International Journal of Drug Policy 71 1-2.
  • Van De Ven, K., Zahnow, R., McVeigh, J., & Winstock, A. (2019). The modes of administration of anabolic-androgenic steroid users (AAS): Are non-injecting people who use steroids overlooked? Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2019.1608910
  • Glass, R., Hope, V. D., Njoroge, J., Edmundson, C., Smith, J., McVeigh, J., . . . Desai, M. (2019). Secondary distribution of injecting equipment obtained from needle and syringe programmes by people injecting image and performance enhancing drugs: England and Wales, 2012-15. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 195, 40-44.
  • Bates, G., Tod, D., Leavey, C., & McVeigh, J. (2019). An evidence-based socioecological framework to understand men’s use of anabolic androgenic steroids and inform interventions in this area. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2018.1488947
  • Zahnow, R., McVeigh, J., Bates, G., Hope, V., Kean, J., Campbell, J., & Smith, J. (2018). Identifying a typology of men who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS). International Journal of Drug Policy, 55, 105-112.
  • Bates, G., Begley, E., Tod, D., Jones, L., Leavey, C., & McVeigh, J. (2017). A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids. J Health Psychol, 1359105317737607.
  • Hope, V. D., McVeigh, J., Smith, J., Glass, R., Njoroge, J., Tanner, C., . . . Desai, M. (2017). Low levels of hepatitis C diagnosis and testing uptake among people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs in England and Wales, 2012-15. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 179, 83-86.
  • Zahnow, R., McVeigh, J., Ferris, J., & Winstock, A. (2017). Adverse effects, health service engagement, and service satisfaction among anabolic androgenic steroid users. Contemporary Drug Problems, 44(1), 69-83.
  • Bates, G., Hope, V., & McVeigh, J. (2017). HIV among people using anabolic steroids in the United Kingdom: an overview. HIV Nursing, 17(1), 20-23.
  • McVeigh, J., & Begley, E. K. (2017). Anabolic steroids in the UK: an increasing issue for public health. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 24(3), 278-285.
  • McVeigh, J., Kimergard, A., Bates, G., & Hope, V. (2016). Harm reduction interventions should encompass people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs. British Medical Journal. 353:i1889 /bmj.i1889
  • McVeigh, J., Germain, J., & van Hout, M. C. (2016). 2,4-Dinitrophenol, the inferno drug: a netnographic study of user experiences in the quest for leanness. Journal of Substance Use, 22, 131-138.
  • Iversen, J., Hope, V. D., & McVeigh, J. (2016). Access to needle and syringe programs by people who inject image and performance enhancing drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 31, 199-200.
  • Hope, V. D., Harris, R., McVeigh, J., Cullen, K. J., Smith, J., Parry, J. V., . . . Ncube, F. (2015). Risk of HIV and hepatitis B and C over time among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs in England and Wales: results from cross-sectional prevalence surveys, 1992-2013. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 3, 331-337.
  • Sagoe, D., McVeigh, J., Bjornebekk, A., Essilfie, M. -S., Andreassen, C. S., & Pallesen, S. (2015). Polypharmacy among anabolic-androgenic steroid users: a descriptive metasynthesis. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention and Policy, 10.
  • Abbate, V., Kicman, A. T., Evans-Brown, M., McVeigh, J., Cowan, D. A., Wilson, C., . . . Walker, C. J. (2014). Anabolic steroids detected in bodybuilding dietary supplements – a significant risk to public health. Drug Testing and Analysis, 7, 609-618.
  • Kimergard, A., & McVeigh, J. (2014). Variability and dilemmas in harm reduction for anabolic steroid users in the UK: a multi-area interview study. Harm Reduction Journal, 11.
  • Kimergard, A., Breindahl, T., Hindersson, P., & McVeigh, J. (2014). The composition of anabolic steroids from the illicit market is largely unknown: implications for clinical case reports. QJM-An International Journal of Medicine, 107(7), 597-598.
  • Breindahl, T., Evans-Brown, M., Hindersson, P., McVeigh, J., Bellis, M., Stensballe, A., & Kimergard, A. (2015). Identification and characterization by LC-UV-MS/MS of melanotan II skin-tanning products sold illegally on the Internet.Drug Testing and Analysis, 7(2), 164-172.
  • Hope, V. D., McVeigh, J., Marongiu, A., Evans-Brown, M., Smith, J., Kimergard, A., . . . Ncube, F. (2015). Injection site infections and injuries in men who inject image- and performance-enhancing drugs: prevalence, risks factors, and healthcare seeking. Epidemiology and Infection, 143(1), 132-140.
  • Stensballe, A., McVeigh, J., Breindahl, T., & Kimergard, A. (2015). Synthetic growth hormone releasers detected in seized drugs: new trends in the use of drugs for performance enhancement. Addiction, 110(2), 368-369.
  • Kean, J., & McVeigh, J. (2014). NICE of you to notice – Are users of image and performance-enhancing drugs finally getting the help they need? Druglink, September 2014
  • Kimergard, A., McVeigh, J., Knutsson, S., Breindahl, T., & Stensballe, A. (2014). Online marketing of synthetic peptide hormones: poor manufacturing, user safety, and challenges to public health. Drug Testing and Analysis, 6(4), 396-398.
  • Evans-Brown, M., Kimergård, A., McVeigh, J., Chandler, M., & Brandt, S. D. (2014). Is the breast cancer drug tamoxifen being sold as a bodybuilding dietary supplement? British Medical Journal, 348, g1476.
  • Kimergard, A., & McVeigh, J. (2014). Environments, risk and health harms: a qualitative investigation into the illicit use of anabolic steroids among people using harm reduction services in the UK. BMJ Open, 4(6), 7.
  • Hope, V., McVeigh, J., Marongiu, A., Evans-Brown, M., Smith, J., Kimergard, A., . . . Ncube, F. (2013). Prevalence of, and risk factors for, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and hepatitis C infections among men who inject image- and performance-enhancing drugs in England & Wales. HIV Medicine, 14, 2.
  • Hope, V. D., McVeigh, J., Marongiu, A., Evans-Brown, M., Smith, J., Kimergard, A., . . . Bellis, M. A. (2013). Prevalence of, and risk factors for, HIV, hepatitis B and C infections among men who inject image and performance enhancing drugs: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 3(9).
  • McVeigh, J., Evans-Brown, M., & Bellis, M. A. (2012). Human enhancement drugs and the pursuit of perfection. Adicciones, 24(3), 185-190.
  • Jones, L., Pickering, L., Sumnall, H., McVeigh, J., & Bellis, M. A. (2010). Optimal provision of needle and syringe programmes for injecting drug users: A systematic review. Int J Drug Policy, 21(5), 335-342.
  • Evans-Brown, M., Kimergard, A., & McVeigh, J. (2009). Elephant in the room? The methodological implications for public health research of performance-enhancing drugs derived from the illicit market. Drug Testing and Analysis, 1(7-8), 323-326.
  • McVeigh, J., & Evans-Brown, M. J. (2009). Anabolic steroids. Network, 25.
  • Evans-Brown, M., Dawson, R. T., Chandler, M., & McVeigh, J. (2009). Use of melanotan I and II in the general population. British Medical Journal, 338.
  • Evans-Brown, M., & McVeigh, J. (2009). Injecting human growth hormone as a performance-enhancing drug-perspectives from the United Kingdom. Journal of Substance Use, 14(5), 267-288.
  • Evans-Brown, M., Dawson, R., & McVeigh, J. (2008). The dire consequences of doping?. Lancet, 372(9649), 1544.
  • Evans-Brown, M. J., & McVeigh, J. (2008). An Introduction to anabolic steroids. Sportex Medicine, (38), 20-26.
  • McVeigh, J., Beynon, C., & Bellis, M. A. (2003). New challenges for agency based syringe exchange schemes: analysis of 11 years of data (1991 to 2001) in Merseyside and Cheshire, UK.. International Journal of Drug Policy., 399-405.
  • McVeigh, J. (1996). Survey of gym owners’ opinions on the use of performance enhancing drugs. J. Perform. Enhanc. Drugs, (1), 21-24.
  • Korkia, P., Lenehan, P., & McVeigh, J. (1996). Non-medical use of androgens among women. J. Perform. Enhanc. Drugs, (2), 71-76.
  • Lenehan, P., Bellis, M. A., & McVeigh, J. (1996). A study of anabolic steroid use in the North West of England. J. Perform. Enhanc. Drugs, (2), 57-70.

Books

  • Ven, K. V. D., Mulrooney, K. J. D., & McVeigh, J. (2019). Human Enhancement Drugs. London: Routledge
  • Lenehan, P., & McVeigh, J. (1998). Anabolic Steroids: a guide for professionals. Liverpool: University of Liverpool.

Chapters

  • Van De Ven, K., Mulrooney, K., & McVeigh, J. (2019). An introduction to human enhancement drugs. In K. Van de venn, K. Mulrooney, & J. McVeigh (Eds.), Human enhancement drugs. Routledge, Oxon
  • Van Hout, M. C., & McVeigh, J. (2019). The use of sunless synthetic tanning products. In K. Van De Ven, K. Mulrooney, & J. McVeigh (Eds.), Human enhancement drugs. Routledge, Oxon
  • Mulrooney, K., Van De Ven, K., McVeigh, J., & Collins, R. (2019). Steroid Madness – Has the dark side of anabolic- androgenic steroids (AAS) been over-stated. In K. Van De Ven, K.
  • Mulrooney, & J. McVeigh (Eds.), Human enhancement drugs. Routledge, Oxon.
  • Chester, N., & McVeigh, J. (2018). Drug Use in Society and the Impact on the Anti-Doping Movement. In D. R. Mottram, & N. Chester (Eds.), Drugs in Sport. London: Routledge.
  • Evans-Brown, M., & McVeigh, J. (2009). Anabolic steroid use in the general population of the United Kingdom. In P. Dimeo, M. McNamee, & V. Moller (Eds.), Elite Sport, Doping and Public Health (pp. 75-97). Univ Pr of Southern Denmark.

 Reports

  • Begley, E., McVeigh, J., Hope, V. D., Bates, G., Glass, R., Campbell, J., . . . Smith, J. (2017). Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs 2016 National Survey Results: Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs 2016 National Survey Results. Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University.
  • Bates, G., & McVeigh, J. (2016). Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs 2015 Survey Results. Liverpool: Liverpool John Moores University.
  • McVeigh, J., Bates, G., & Chandler, M. (2015). Steroids and Image Enhancing Drugs 2014 Survey Results.
  • Chandler M., & McVeigh, J. (2014). Steroids and Image Enhancing Drugs 2013 Survey Results. Liverpool: Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University.

Andrea Petroczi

PhD.
A.Petroczi@kingston.ac.uk

Andrea Petroczi

Professor of Public Health
School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry
Faculty of Science, Engineering & Computing
Kingston University London

Andrea Petroczi is a Professor of Public Health at Kingston University London. She holds a Mercator Fellowship with University of Münster (Germany) and an adjunct position at ‘Foro Italico ’ University of Rome (Italy). She serves as an editorial board member for Substance Abuse, Treatment, Prevention and Policy (BMC) and founding Associate Editor for Anti-doping Sciences (specialty section of Frontiers in Sports and Active Living).

Andrea is an internationally recognised expert in social science doping and anti-doping research. Her research is centred on behavioural choices with public health implications, where short term gains are traded off for potential health consequences later in life; and method development. With a strong commitment to multidisciplinary research spanning across disciplines allied to medicine and psychology, her research explores the various forms of human enhancements (performance, appearance and experience), reasons that justifies and the mental representations of such practices in the broader context of human enhancement.

 Her research has attracted funding from the World Anti-Doping Agency, the National Prevention Research Initiative/Medical Research Council, The British Academy, the International Olympic Committee and the European Council. The European Commission recently selected the EU ER ASMUS+ funded Safe You project for showcasing a s ‘Successful Project and Good Practice” (The Safe You Success Story).

She is passionate about training and helping the next generation of researchers. She has successfully supervised numerous PhD projects, serves as an adviser for the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission and organise specialised academic communication training for research students (e.g., 3-Minute-Thesis Training and Competition).

 Andrea works closely with the World Anti-Doping Agency on multiple projects. In collaboration with Prof Paul Norman, Andrea contributed to the World Anti-Doping Agency’s preventive online educational tool (Athlete Learning Program about Health & Anti-Doping, ALPHA). She chairs the WADA Working Group on Doping Prevalence since 2017.

Relevant Publications

Selected references:

  • Ainsworth, Neha Prasad, Vargo, Elisabeth Julie and Petroczi, Andrea (2018) Being in control? A thematic content analysis of 14 in-depth interviews with 2,4-dinitrophenol users. International Journal of Drug Policy, 52, pp. 106-114. ISSN (print) 0955-3959
  • Ainsworth, Neha Prasad, Shelley, Jake and Petroczi, Andrea (2018). Current Trends in Performance- and Image-Enhancing Substance Use Among Gym Goers, Exercisers, and Athletes. In O Corazza and A Roman-Urrestarazu (Eds.) Handbook of novel psychoactive substances: what clinicians should know about NPS. Routledge. pp 56-90
  • Zachar, Gergely, Deshmukh, Naved I.K., Petroczi, Andrea, Szekely, Andrea, Shah, Iltaf, Barker, James and Naughton, Declan P. (2017) Inhibitory effects of diclofenac on steroid glucuronidation in vivo do not affect hair-based doping tests for stanozolol. Molecules, 22(6), p. 976. ISSN (online) 1420-3049
  • Shelley, Jake, Howe, Christopher, Moir, Hannah and Petroczi, Andrea (2019) Testosterone in Sport: The Androgen Response to Extreme Endurance. In: Datta, Sourya and Bagchi, Debasis, (eds.) Extreme and Rare Sports: Performance Demands, Drivers, Functional Foods, and Nutrition. Florida, : CRC Press, U.S. pp. 193-204. ISBN 9781138091443
  • Shelley, J., Moir, H. J., & Petroczi, A. (2019). The use and misuse of testosterone in sport: the challenges and opportunities in doping control. In Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance (pp. 571-580). Academic Press.
  • Petroczi, Andrea, Ocampo, Jorge A Vela, Shah, Iltaf, Jenkinson, Carl, New, Rachael, James, Ricky A, Taylor, Glenn and Naughton, Declan P (2015) Russian roulette with unlicensed fat-burner drug 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP): evidence from a multidisciplinary study of the internet, bodybuilding supplements and DNP users. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 10(39), ISSN (online) 1747-597X
  • Petroczi, Andrea, Dodge, Tonya, Backhouse, Susan H. and Adesanwo, Christiana (2014) Review of the literature on negative health risks based interventions to guide anabolic steroid misuse prevention. Performance Enhancement & Health, 3(1), pp. 31-44. ISSN (print) 2211-2669
  • Jenkinson, Carl, Deshmukh, Nawed I.K., Shah, Iltaf, Zachar, Gergely, Szekely, Andrea D., Petroczi, Andrea and Naughton, Declan P. (2014) LC-MS/MS-based assay for free and deconjugated testosterone and epitestosterone in rat urine and serum. Journal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques, S5(006), ISSN (print) 2155-9872
  • Qureshi, Ahmed, Naughton, Declan P and Petroczi, Andrea (2014) A systematic review on the herbal extract Tribulus terrestris and the roots of its putative aphrodisiac and performance enhancing effect. Journal of dietary supplements, 11(1), pp. 64-79. ISSN (print) 1939-0211
  • Jenkinson, Carl, Petroczi, Andrea and Naughton, Declan (2013) Effects of dietary components on testosterone metabolism via UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Frontiers in Endocrinology, 4(80), ISSN (print) 1664-2392
  • Jenkinson, Carl, Petroczi, Andrea, Barker, James and Naughton, Declan P. (2012) Dietary green and white teas suppress UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT2B17 mediated testosterone glucuronidation. Steroids, 77(6), pp. 691-695. ISSN (print) 0039-128X

Dr Rob Ralphs

R.Ralphs@mmu.ac.uk

Rob Ralphs

Dr Rob Ralphs is a Reader in Criminology and member of the interdisciplinary Substance Use and Associated Behaviours (SUAB) research centre at Manchester Metropolitan University.  He has over 20 years of research experience spanning both substance use and drug markets. Rob’s IPEDs focused research has included an ethnographic study of a bodybuilding gym in the North West of England (2016) and Manchester based studies on Needle and Syringe Provision (2018) and Developing Services for Image and Performance Enhancing Drug Users (2020). Rob currently sits on the Manchester Needle and Syringe Provision Steering Group.

Relevant Publications

Recent Publication:

  • 2019 Polydrug use and polydrug markets amongst image and performance enhancing drug users: Implications for harm reduction interventions and drug policy
    M Salinas, W Floodgate, R Ralphs
    International Journal of Drug Policy 67, 43-51

Andrew Richardson

A.S.Richardson@tees.ac.uk

Andrew Richardson

Social Media: Twitter @arichie17
Academic Profile: https://research.tees.ac.uk/en/persons/andrew-richardson
Email: a.s.richardson@tees.ac.uk
Mobile: 07747303084

 I am a PhD Student at Teesside University with research interests into Health Inequalities, Sport and Exercise Science, Public Health, Esports, Body Image, Transgender Sport, Image and PerformanceEnhancing Drugs, Sociology and Criminology. My doctorate is investigating the sedentary lifestyles of the Tees Valley focusing on health inequalities and barriers to activity. I have a keen interest into body image and IPED related topics and enjoy understanding the motivations to use these drugs. Originally from Northern Ireland but live and work in Middlesbrough England. My sporting interests are Powerifting, Rugby and Athletics. Formerly an international powerlifter for Ireland in 2015 – 2016.  Long term goal is to become a full time researcher and lecturer into these fields with a strong focus into hormones, body image and public health topics.

Relevant Publications

Reference List

  • Richardson, A., Dixon, K. and Kean, J., 2019. Superheroes–image and performance enhancing drug (IPED) use within the UK, social media and gym culture. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 64, pp.28-30.
  • Richardson, A. and Antonopoulos, G.A., 2019. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) users on AAS use: Negative effects,‘code of silence’, and implications for forensic and medical professionals. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 68, p.101871.
  • Kotzé, J., Richardson, A. & Antonopoulos, G., 2020, (Accepted/In press). Looking ‘Acceptably’ Feminine: A Single Case Study of a Female Bodybuilder’s Use of Steroids; Performance Enhancement and Health.

Mike Salinas

Manchester Metropolitan University
M.Salinas@mmu.ac.uk

Mike Salinas

Mike is a criminologist with a particular interest in illegal drug markets and drug use. He holds a PhD in criminology from the University of Manchester, where he was an ESRC scholar. In 2015 he and his research team undertook an ethnography of the use and supply of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) in an independent bodybuilding gym in North England. And in 2019 he led a project exploring IPED service-user provisions in Greater Manchester, drawing from insights from a range of relevant stakeholders, including IPED users, gym managers, personal trainers, and IPED producers/suppliers.

Dr Stephen Shannon

s.shannon@ulster.ac.uk

Stephen Shannon

I am a Lecturer and Researcher at Ulster University, Ireland. My research focuses on mental health, and the possible positive (e.g., supportive coaches, health-enhancing physical activity) and negative (e.g., weight restriction, drug misuse) mental health effects that sport and exercise can bring. As someone relatively new to research on of anabolic-androgenic steroids (ASS), I want to understand the psychological and social processes underpinning ASS use among regular gym-going exercisers. Our team therefore published a preliminary qualitative study on ASS use in the gym-going population, and explored participants’ professional help-seeking beliefs and behaviours once side effects presented. Having found an arguably cavalier attitude to help-seeking and ASS use, we plan to conduct wider-scale epidemiological research testing behaviour change theories to understand safer, harm minimisation, behaviours for ASS use.

Relevant Publications

Selected publications:

  • Gilmore, H., Shannon, S.,Leavey, G., Dempster, M., Gallagher, S., & Breslin, G. (2020). Help-Seeking Beliefs Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users Experiencing Side Effects: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1(aop), 1-17.
  • Breslin, G., Smith, A., Donohue, B., Donnelly, P., Shannon, S.,Haughey, T. J., … & Rogers, T. (2019). International consensus statement on the psychosocial and policy-related approaches to mental health awareness programmes in sport. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 5(1), e000585.
  • Shannon, S., & Breslin, G. (2020). Determining the Efficacy of Mental Health Awareness Interventions in Sport Using a Systematic Review. SAGE Publications Ltd.

Dave Smith

PhD, FHEA, CPsychol, AFBPsS
Manchester Metropolitan University
Senior Lecturer in Sport Psychology
Associate Editor, The Sport Psychologist
HCPC Registered Sport and Exercise Psychologist
D.D.Smith@mmu.ac.uk

Dr Smith is a Senior Lecturer in Sport Psychology at Manchester Metropolitan University.  He is a Chartered Psychologist and Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society registered with the Health and Care Professions Council, and is a member of the Register of Applied Psychology Practitioner Supervisors.

His published work includes studies of  psychological issues in bodybuilding and strength training, including exercise dependence, muscle dysmorphia and physique-enhancing drug use. He has worked as a consultant with bodybuilders and strength athletes at all levels, from amateurs to elite performers.

Relevant Publications

Relevant publications:

  • Steele, J., Fisher, J., Wink, B. & Smith, D. (2020). Lift Big-Get Big: The impact of images of hyper-muscular bodies and training information. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. epub ahead of print
  • Smith, D. (2017). Mr America: The tragic story of a bodybuilding icon. Sport in History (book review). Sport in History, 37, 223-224.
  • Smith, D., Rutty, M. C., & Olrich, T. W. (2016). Muscle dysmorphia and anabolic-androgenic steroid use. In Chemically Modified Bodies: The Use of Diverse Substances for Appearance Enhancement (pp. 31-50). doi:1057/978-1-137-53535-1_3
  • Smith, D., Hale, B., & Selby, C. (2016). Exercise dependence. In S. Cotterill, N. Weston, & G. Breslin (Eds.), Sport and Exercise Psychology: Practitioner Case Studies. Wiley.
  • Smith, D., & Hale, B. (2013). Exercise dependence. In The Psychology of Strength and Conditioning. Routledge.
  • Smith, D., & Hale, B. (2012). Bodybuilding. In Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance.
  • Smith, D., & Kilty, K. (2010). Exercise Psychology: From Theory to Practice. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 7-9.
  • Smith, D., Wright, C., & Winrow, D. (2010). Exercise dependence and social physique anxiety in competitive and non-competitive runners. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 61-69.
  • Smith, D., Hale, B., Rhea, D., Olrich, T., & Collier, K. (2009). Big, buff and dependent: Exercise dependence, muscle dysmorphia and steroid use in bodybuilding.. In Men and addictions. Nova Science.
  • Smith, D., Wright, C., Ross, N., & Warmington, S. (2006). Sports advertising and body image. In Body Image New Research. Nova Publishers.
  • Smith, D., & Hale, B. (2005). Exercise-dependence in bodybuilders: Antecedents and reliability of measurement. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 45(3), 401-408.
  • Smith, D., Wright, C., Bruce-Low, S., & Hale, B. (2005). “Read with caution”: A reply to Pickett et al. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(11), 874-875. doi:1136/bjsm.2005.022582
  • Smith, D., & Hale, B. (2004). Validity and factor structure of the bodybuilding dependence scale. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(2), 177-181. doi:1136/bjsm.2002.003269
  • Hurst, R., Hale, B., Smith, D., & Collins, D. (2000). Exercise dependence, social physique anxiety, and social support in experienced and inexperienced bodybuilders and weightlifters. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(6), 431-435. doi:1136/bjsm.34.6.431
  • Smith, D. K., Hale, B. D., & Collins, D. (1998). Measurement of exercise dependence in bodybuilders. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 38(1), 66-74.

Josie Smith

Public Health Wales
Josie.Smith@wales.nhs.uk

Claire Stewart

C.E.Stewart@ljmu.ac.uk

Claire Stewart

Claire Stewart is a Professor of stem cell biology, with 25 years post-PhD experience. With a degree in Developmental Biology (University of Glasgow), a PhD in large animal physiology, biochemistry and endocrinology (The Babraham Institute, Cambridge and the University of London) and post-doctoral expertise in stem cell and molecular biology (Washington University Medical School, St Louis and the University of Bristol), she is one of only a handful of people who has extensive and long term experience in cell and molecular health physiology. This enables an ability to design mechanistic questions with relevant patho/physiological applications.  A fundamental interest in the regulators of muscle mass, from cell to whole body, in health and disease, with age, injury, exercise and steroid use underpins her research.  To elucidate the mechanisms underpinning skeletal muscle adaptation, she was one of the first in the world to report the anti-apoptotic roles of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in muscle cells and amongst the first internationally to develop/report on the use of adult human muscle and childhood adipose stem cells as models to investigate the impact of age, hormones and disease on their behaviour. These studies illustrated that cells retain a memory of their environmental/lifecourse encounters, an exciting area underpinning some of her ongoing research interests with relevance to the longer-term impact of steroids on health. Her involvement with the ACMD working group on Image and Performance Enhancing Drugs, her public engagement role with the Society for Endocrinology, her conference organisation on Doping in Sport and her LJMU/Society for Endocrinology co-branded event at Big Bang Northwest (2018) are particularly relevant here.

Joe Tay Wee Teck

j.tay-wee-teck.1@research.gla.ac.uk

I am a GPSI in addictions in Edinburgh and a PhD candidate in the MRC/CSO SPHSU in University of Glasgow. I am also an honorary research fellow in St Andrews University school of medicine.
My research interests are in harm reduction, participation & advocacy, IPEDs and telehealth, digital technology & inequalities.

Relevant Publications

My pubs in relation to IPEDs are as follows:

  • Bates, G., Van Hout, M. C., Teck, J. T. W., & McVeigh, J. (2019). Treatments for people who use anabolic androgenic steroids: a scoping review. Harm reduction journal, 16(1), 75.
  • Teck, J. T. W., & McCann, M. (2018). Tracking internet interest in anabolic-androgenic steroids using Google Trends. The International journal on drug policy, 51, 52.

Honor Townshend

Twitter: @honor_doro
h.townshend@herts.ac.uk 

Honor Townshend

Honor Townshend is a PhD student within the Criminology department at the University of Hertfordshire. She holds a BA (Hons) in Criminology (Birmingham City University) and an MSc in Criminology & Criminal Justice (City, University of London). The focus of her doctoral research is the influence and articulation of idealised gender identities on the uptake of IPEDs and other substances for fitness. As well as her studies, Honor works as a Research Assistant, a Visiting Lecturer in Criminology and is the Postgraduate representative for the University of Hertfordshire Equality Diversity and Inclusionary Team.

Luke Turnock
LTurnock@lincoln.ac.uk

Luke Turnock

Dr Luke A. Turnock is a lecturer at the University of Lincoln and a research sociologist specialising in ethnography. His Doctoral work explored the normalisation of IPEDs among gym cultures in the South-West of England, examining motivations for use, patterns of access and supply, and forming a typology of subcultural norms of use, looking at implications for harm reduction policy. He has published on the topic of IPED market structures and supply, including social supply in gyms, as well as how steroid importation and local ‘manufacture’ occur, and the implications of this for harm reduction among users. His broader research interests include masculinities and rurality, and how these intersect with IPED use, harm and supply, as well as intersections between digital and local market supply.

Twitter: @luke_turnock

interview

Marie Claire Van Hout

M.C.VanHout@ljmu.ac.uk

Marie Claire Van Hout

Marie Claire Van Hout is Professor of Public Health Policy and Practice at the Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom. She has 20 years evidence based research in policy, evaluation and clinical experience in public health and drug policy and practice, harm reduction, HIV/HCV prevention and treatment in Europe, the Middle East and Sub Saharan Africa, performance and image enhancement, and key populations. She regularly consults for UNODC, EMCDDA, and REA. She has been Editor in Chief of the ‘Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse’ at Taylor and Francis since 2014.

Dr Richard Webb

PhD, RNutr, AFHEA
webbr1@hope.ac.uk

Richard Webb

In 2009 I enrolled on the undergraduate Food and Nutrition programme at Liverpool John Moores University to pursue a lifelong passion for the subject. After graduating with a first-class degree I was fortunate enough to secure a PhD studentship, also at Liverpool John Moores University, in collaboration with the Royal Liverpool Hospital and Northumbria University. It was during this time that I developed an interest in human lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. After successfully completing my PhD I had the opportunity to further this interest by performing a short postdoctoral project to develop a laboratory method for the separation of lipoproteins from human plasma. Immediately after this I began a second postdoctoral study funded by the Leverhulme Trust to better understand the molecular composition of these particles. During this period, I became aware of the cardiovascular risks faced by individuals using anabolic steroids. I have since become a Lecturer in Clinical Nutrition at Liverpool Hope University and am currently involved in several ongoing research projects relating to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, with one such project being to determine the cardiovascular risks to bodybuilders using anabolic steroids; a research area I am keen to continue investigating in collaboration with members of the Anabolic Steroid UK group.

Mark Whitfield

M.Whitfield@ljmu.ac.uk

Mark Whitfield

I have worked in the drugs field since 1995 when I was a syringe exchange officer for the Maryland Centre in Liverpool city centre for 3 years, working with people injecting both psychoactive drugs and IPEDs. I continued working for the Substance Use Directorate of a local mental health Trust until 2007, when I began work in Liverpool John Moores University’s Centre for Public Health leading the development of various systems including the LAIKA database which captured Needle and Syringe Programme (NSP) activity locally with a standardised dataset. In 2013, I moved to the role within the University of Intelligence and Surveillance Lead and now oversee various monitoring systems including IMS (Integrated Monitoring System) which reports on NSP activity from over 160 agencies and pharmacies across Cheshire and Merseyside, and publishes quarterly and annual reports providing an overview of the number and demographics of individuals injecting IPEDs across the region. Most recently I have co-authored a paper on the impact of Covid-19 on the usage of NSP services across the region, highlighting the impact this has had in terms of needle and syringe coverage on cohorts injecting both psychoactive substances and IPEDs.

Relevant Publications

Reference

  • Whitfield, Mark et al., 2020. The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on needle and syringe programme provision and coverage in England. The International journal of drug policy, p.102851.

Sam Wright

Sam Wright

Sam Wright has been researching in the field of substance misuse since 1995: initially contributing to the Department of Health Task Force to Review Services for Drug Misusers, and then researching motivations for using AAS. She then moved to work for NACRO, broadening her scope to evaluate national crime reduction programmes. This included the national evaluation of Drug Abstinence Orders; several Welsh Assembly Government evaluations of alcohol/drug use interventions; as well as working at a local level on drug misuse needs assessments and assessing community interventions.

 Throughout this time, Sam has written many publications, including: journal articles; book chapters; reports for various government departments, local authorities and national charities; articles for professional periodicals; website content and practice guidance.

Since 2016 Sam has been working with Professor Sarah Galvani and a multi-disciplinary team at Man Met, on a programme of research focusing on end of life and palliative care for people with alcohol and other drug problems. For the next two years, this work will focus on developing a new model of end of life care for people using substances in Liverpool and Sefton.

Dr Gemma Anne Yarwood

Senior Lecturer in Criminology and Sociology. Manchester Metropolitan University

Gemma Anne Yarwood

Gemma is an experienced lecturer and interdisciplinary researcher studying social care, health, and social justice across the life-course with a focus on substance use and associated behaviours.  A key focus of Gemma’s work is on ‘The Body as a Project’: body modification, enhancement and social constructs. She has written many publications, including: journal articles; website content; book chapters; reports for various organisations, local authorities and national charities.

 Current and recent research projects include:

  • Developing A New Model Of Care For People With Problematic Substance Use And End Of Life Care Needs Source: National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Co-Investigator, Qualitative Research Lead.
  • End of life care and substance use – mixed methods across 5 research strands. Source: The Big Lottery Fund Co-Investigator, Family Work Package Lead.
  • Supporting families and parents with alcohol problems as they transition through the prison gate: Holding Families Plus Evaluation. Source: Public Health England and Early Break. Principal Investigator.

Barnaby Zoob Carter

BSc, MSc, MA. University of Birmingham
Bxc869@student.bham.ac.uk

Barnaby Zoob Carter

Barnaby has a BSc (Hons) in Human Biology, MSc in Neuroscience, and a MA in Social Research Methods. With a keen interest in performance enhancing substances, he has focused previous dissertation topics on the use of ergogenic dietary supplements (BSc), the motivations, practices and harms associated with AAS (MSc), and a protocol to assess these through an intensive longitudinal design (MA). Barnaby is presently conducting a PhD at the University of Birmingham under the supervision of Dr Ian Boardely. Barnaby’s PhD explores the psychosocial factors that influence the development of dependence amongst those who use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). His main research interests include AAS dependence, harms associated with image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs), harm reduction, body and muscle dysmorphia, and motivations for IPED use amongst strength athletes. He recently published an article looking at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on male strength athletes who use non-prescribed AAS; identifying reductions in training and AAS dose as well as short-term psychological effects (i.e., excessive body checking, anxiety, insomnia and mood swings). Barnaby’s future ambitions include becoming a full-time researcher and lecturer in the field of IPEDs to aid in the development of education around IPED associated harm reduction.

Relevant Publications

Reference

  • Zoob Carter, B.N., Boardley, I.D., Van De Ven, K. (2021). The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Male Strength Athletes Who Use Non-Prescribed Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. Front. Psychiatry 12, 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.636706.